


> H ^ 
























^> V 















ASIATIC AFFINITIES 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 



KOBERT ELLIS, B.D., 

FELLOW OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND AUTHOR OF 'ANCIENT 
ROUTES BETWEEN ITALY AND GAUL." 



Tuseos Asia sibi vindicat.' 



LONDON : 

TRUBNEE and Co., 60, PATERNOSTER BOW, 

1870. 



.£4- 



T. RICHARDS, PRINTER, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET. 






CONTENTS. 



CHAPTEE I. 

PAGE 

Migrations of the Aryans from their original home in Mount 
Imaus— Eoute of the Thracians into Europe — Western 
and Northern limits of the Thracian area in Europe — 
With what nations the Thracians came into collision — 
Primitive population of the South of Europe, and of Asia 
Minor and Armenia 1 

CHAPTEE II. 

Etruscan sepulchral inscriptions 26 

CHAPTEE III. 

Etruscan votive inscriptions 78 

CHAPTEE IV. 

The Inscription of Cervetri 95 

CHAPTEE V. 
Conj ligations and Numerals 114 



Index of Etruscan words, with their meaning 153 



ERRATA. 



In p. 15, 1. 17; p. 16, 1. 1; and p. 18, 1. 24; for Mnesia read Moesia. 

I n p. 94, 1. 4 ; for sulthn read salthn. 

In p. 102, 1. 27; for mataram read mataram. 



i 



PREFACE. 



The publication of the great work of Fabretti, the 
Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum, has rendered avail- 
able a rich store of materials for investigating the 
affinities of the ancient languages of Italy. The addi- 
tional Etruscan epitaphs, in particular, are of the 
highest importance, and have induced me to return 
once more to the subject of the Etruscan language; 
for it does not appear, at least to my knowledge, that 
all the results to which the new inscriptions lead have 
hitherto been deduced from them. What the signifi- 
cance of those results is may be estimated from the 
facts, that we are now in possession of the written 
forms of several Etruscan numerals, that we are enabled 
to recognise the Etruscan equivalents for the Latin 
-ginta and -genti, and that, in addition to the pre- 
viously known ril, " year," we may likewise elicit 
the Etruscan words for ce month" and " day." 

The objects which I have chiefly had in view in the 
following pages are : to demonstrate the Armenian 
character of the Etruscan language in as complete and 
brief a manner as possible, and to present such a 
vocabulary of Etruscan words as may be sufficient for 
the interpretation of the common forms of expression 
on the monuments of Etruria. It would increase the 
interest with which those relics of an ancient nation 



11 PKEFACE. 

are regarded, if the meaning of the inscriptions which 
they boar could be understood, and we were thus quali- 
fied to know what the Etruscans engraved upon their 
offerings to the gods, and on the tombs of their dead. 
At the same time, these votive and sepulchral forms, 
when combined with the Inscription of Cervetri, and 
with such other points of evidence as may conveniently 
be introduced in connexion with these three bodies of 
proof, seem quite sufficient to disclose the nature of the 
language of the Etruscans, and thus to determine who 
that enigmatical people really were. 

But the origin of the Etruscans is a question that 
does not stand alone, and that cannot be treated 
without touching on several others which relate to an- 
cient and prehistoric times. To one of these in parti- 
cular I have endeavoured to direct inquiry. As the 
Armenians, the last representatives of the old Thracian 
race at the present day, have been neglected or over- 
looked in all investigations relating to the affinities 
of the Etruscans ; so too a similar extension, in remote 
ages, of the race of nations now confined to the Cau- 
casian regions, is a probability that has not been 
sufficiently allowed for in constructing the population 
of Europe before the Aryans entered it. There seems, 
as far as I can judge, to be no necessity for inferring 
the extinction of either of the two ancient stocks 
mentioned eighteen years ago by Dr. Latham in the 
following passage, which sets forth very clearly and 
forcibly the two principal questions whose solution 
I have attempted : — 

" The displacements effected by the different Euro- 



PREFACE. Ill 

pean populations, one with another, have been enor- 
mous. See how the Saxons overran England, the 
Romans Spain and Gaul. How do we know that 
some small stock was not annihilated here ? History, 
it may be said, tells us the contrary. From history 
we learn that all the ancient Spaniards were allied to 
the ancestors of the Basques, all Gaul to those of the 
Bretons, all England to those of the Welsh. Granted. 
But what does history tell us about Bavaria, Styria, 
the Valley of the Po, or ancient Thrace ? In all these 
parts the present population is known to be recent, 
and the older known next to not at all. The recon- 
struction of the original populations of such areas as 
these is one of the highest problems in ethnology. 
To what did they belong, an existing stock more 
widely extended than now, or a fresh stock altogether?" 

" My own belief is, that the number of European 
stocks for which there is an amount of evidence suffi- 
cient to make their extinction a reasonable doctrine is 
two — two and no more ; and even with these the doc- 
trine of their extinction is only reasonable" 

" a. The old Etruscans are the first of these"; 

" b. The Pelasgi the second." 

If the Etruscans were of the same race as the 
Armenians, and the Pelasgi of the same race as the 
Caucasians, both these stocks would still survive. The 
Caucasian tribes include the Georgians (with the 
Lazians and Mingrelians), who are connected through 
the Suanians with the Circassians and Abkhasians; 
the Ossetes, who are frequently supposed to be Aryans; 
the Kisti, who are connected through the Tuschi and 



IV 



PREFACE. 



Pschawi with the Georgians ; and the Lesgi in the 
ancient Albania. The languages of these tribes differ 
very considerably, but something common is found to 
run through them all. 

The following equivalents will be employed for the 
Armenian alphabet; and the Greek letters which corre- 
spond to the Armenian in place, though not always in 
sound, are prefixed to them : — 

p. m. 



a. a. 
/3. b. 

7- <7- 
8. el 

e. e (e or ye). 
£. z (English z). 
7], e. 

e (e mute) . 
6. th (Hebrew teth). 

z (French j). 
i. i. 

I 

Ich (guttural). 

z {els). 
k. k 

It. 

z {is). 
X. t (Welsh 11: Polish t). 

g {elz : English j). 



v. n. 

f . s (English sh) . 

o. o. 

c {ts : English ch) . 

7T. p. 

§ {els: as sch in mensch). 
p. r (strong r). 
a. s. 

iv (strong v). 
t. t. 

r. 

z {tz : Hebrew tzacldi). 
v. v. 

(j>. ph {like p^h). 
%. ch (Hebrew kopli). 
co. 6 (broad o, or au). 

f (used in foreign words). 

Aemenian Diphthongs. 

ov y vowel n> English oo. 

ow, long o. 

ea, like French e. 



av } the older form of 6. 
ev, like English yew. 
iVj vowel y, French u. 

The Armenian alphabet was invented about 1500 

years ago. 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF THE 
OLD ITALIANS. 



CHAPTER I. 

Migrations of the Aryans from their original home in Mount 
Iniaus.— Eoute of the Thracians into Europe,— Western and 
Northern limits of the Thracian area in Europe.— With what 
nations the Thracian race came into collision.— Primitive popu- 
lation of the South of Europe, and of Asia Minor and Armenia. 

As the Asiatic element in Italy was mainly Etruscan, 
and the Aryan character of the Etruscan language will 
be apparent as soon as its examination is commenced, 
such an examination may be appropriately preceded 
by a sketch of the probable course of the Etruscans 
from the original home of the Aryan family of nations, 
and by an endeavour to determine what were the 
elements which composed the early population of the 
South of Europe. 

A remarkable light has been thrown on the first 
movements of the Aryans by the researches of German 
scholars, the result of which is readily accessible in the 
third volume of Bunsen's Egypt's Place in Universal 
History, But the map which is there given as illus- 
trating the " track of the Aryans from the Primeval 
Country to India/' might perhaps receive with more 

B 



2 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

justice the title of "a map to illustrate the tracks of 
the Southern Aryans from the Primeval Country to 
India and Armenia" The " Primeval Country" was the 
mountainous region which contains the sources of the 
Oxus and the Jaxartes : and the map exhibits clearly 
how the Aryans, starting from this country, settled 
successively in Sogdiana, Margiana, Bactria, Parthia, 
Aria, and other tracts, until the list of the districts 
which they occupied in the earliest times concludes at . 
last with these three countries : — 

14. Varena, now Ghilan, S.W. of the Caspian. 

15. Hapta-Hindu, now the Punjab. 

16. "The sixteenth country has no specific name. 
Its inhabitants are the dwellers near the sea-coast, who 
do not require any ramparts. Their curses are winter 
and earthquakes. As the Caspian was the sea nearest 
to the Old Iranians, we must understand the shores 
of that sea." 

It seems a highly probable inference that this last 
country was Armenia, which formerly touched Ghilan 
and the Caspian Sea* is protected by the natural 
yparts of its mountains, has a long and severe 
winter on account of its elevated position, and is 
notoriously subject to earthquakes.^ But, even with- 

* See the map in Whis ton's Moses Choronensis. 

t " In the summer of 1840 Armenia was visited by a violent 
earthquake, which shook Ararat to its foundation. The immense 
quantities of loose stones, snow, ice, and mud, then precipitated 
from the great chasm, immediately overwhelmed and destroyed 
the monastery of St. James and the village of Arghuri, and spread 
destruction for and wide in the plain of the Araxes. Although 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 3 

out this inference, the mention of Ghilan immediately 
before the Punjab, and the positions of the other 
thirteen regions previously named, would lead up to 
the following conclusion : — 

The Southern Aryans, proceeding from the banks 
of the Oxus, and expanding as they advanced, reached 
Armenia on the west about the same time as they 
occupied the Punjab on the east, and before they 
entered Southern Media, Persia, Carmania, Gedrosia, 
and India beyond the Sutlej. 

Whatever may be the historical value of these 
results thus deduced from the Vendidad, they fall in 
at any rate singularly well with the theory which I 
desire to support, and which may be stated in this 
manner : — 

The Southern Aryans were ultimately divided into 
three principal stocks : the Thracian on the west, the 
Medo-Persian in the centre, and the Indian on the 
east. The Thracian race, as a distinct member of the 
South Aryan family, had its origin in Armenia, about 
the same time, and in the same manner, as the Indian 
race had its origin in the Punjab. Finally, while the 
Medo-Persians were gaining possession of the southern 
half of Iran, upon the Indian Ocean and the Persian 

Ararat is formed of volcanic rocks, yet no allusion to its volcanic 
activity at any period, no mention of an eruption, is made by any 
of the native historians, who record, nevertheless, several earth- 
quakes more or less calamitous." Appendix to Cooley's transla- 
tion of Parrot's Journey to Ararat, p. 371. The earthquake of 
1840 was felt as far as Tiflis, 150 miles N. of Ararat, and as Tauris 
or Tabreez, 150 miles S.E. of Ararat, near Ghilan. 



I TIIE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Gulf, and while the Indians were carrying the Sanskrit 
language with them from the Indus to the. Bay of 
Bengal, the Thracians were extending themselves from 
the Caspian to the Alps and the Tyrrhenian Sea, and 
carrying an Armenian dialect into Etruria and Rhcetia. 
That there were Thracians over all this extent of 
country is, however, not merely a probable or possible 
conjecture: it is a matter of ancient history, or at least 
of ancient tradition. What the earliest Zoroastrian 
record seems to exhibit in the germ, the authors of 
Greece and Koine present in its completion. Twenty- 
two such authors, as Mr. Dennis has noticed, derive the 
Etruscans from the Lydians; a presumption of affinity 
not to be hastily set aside, although the voyage of the 
Lydians to Btruria under the conduct of Tyrrhenus 
may be no more historical than the voyage of ^Eneas, 
and Tyrrhenus himself a personage like Hellen and 
Romulus, or Delphinus and Sabaudus, the sons of 
Allobrox. That some Alpine nations, and especially 
the Rhaotians, were akin to the Etruscans, is a fact 
attested by Livy : and that the Lydians and Carians 
were allied in blood and language to the Mysians, who 
were a branch of the Thracian race, is affirmed by 
other writers. There were too, as we learn from 
Strabo, Thracians mixed with the Celtic inhabitants of 
Noricum and Pannonia, the countries which intervene 
between Rhaotia and Dacia. The rest of the historical 
inicnt for the extension of the Thracians from 
Armenia to Italy may be summed up in the words of 
Dr. Latham, although he has rejected the result which 



THE OLD ITALIANS. O 

I not only accept, but extend to Etruria :* " The old 
Thracian affinities are difficult, but not beyond in- 
vestigation. A series of statements on the part of 
good classical authors tell us, that the Daci were what 
the Getae were, and the Thracians what the Geta3; 
also, that the Phrygians spoke the same language as 
the Thracians, and the Armenians as the Phrygians. 
If so, either the ancient language of Hungary must 
have been spoken as far as the Caspian, or the ancient 
Armenian as far as the Theiss" Write here the 
Alpine Rhine and the Tiber for the Theiss, and I believe 
that no more than the truth would be said, and perhaps 
not quite as much as the whole truth. For I imagine 
that the Bebryces, whom several authors mention in 
the Eastern Pyrenees, were Thracian settlers who 
came thither by sea, probably from Italy, before the 
Carthaginians and Greeks formed settlements upon 
that line of coast. My reasons for this conjecture may 
be thus briefly expressed, as a part of the cumulative 
proof of the western extension of the Thracian race : — 
sarn, ""ice:" root sar, "freeze." 
patel, " to enclose" (th. pat) . 
L patovar, " wall, rampart." 

Bithynia ... Patavium, a town of the Thracian 

Bebryces. 
Pannonia ...... Patavium, a town, now Pettau. 



Armenian . . . - 



* Ethnology of Europe, p. 229 (1852). Dr. Latham considers 
that two languages were spoken in Phrygia ; one allied to that of 
the Armenians, and the other to that of the Thracians, whom he 
regards as Slavonic. 



6 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Venetia Pataviumythe chief town, now Padua.* 

E. Pyrenees .. .Bebryces. -\ 

Pyrenees sern-eille, " glacier." For the termi- 
nation, compare ab-eille, sor-ella, 
and or Mia. The rest is Armenian. 
Observe, too, that Iberians bordered 
on these Bebryces, and on the Ar- 
menians. 
Patavium, the chief t ; own of Venetia, seems to have 
a Thracian and Armenian name. Of the Venetian 
language I know only one word, which is given by 
Pliny (H. N., xxvi, 6) : "Halus antem, quam Gralli sic 
vocant, Veneti cotoneam." Ootonea " comfrey, gv/jl- 
(f>vrov, wallwurz," may be explained, like the Dacian 
Koriara, " aypooaTts, gramen," from the Armenian 
hhotj " herb, forage," an Armenian word which nearly 
replaces the English wort and the German wurz in 
names of herbs. The Armenian Tchotan, "low, humilis," 
shews a connexion in sense between hhot and humus. 
Ptolemy mentions an Armenian town called Koracva. 
The Cot-ensii were a Dacian tribe. 

The Bebryces in Roussillon, with the word sern- 
eille, " glacier," would mark the extreme western ex- 
tension of the Thracians. On the north-west their 
limit would have been Kh83tia, where their presence is 
indicated by several Rhaeto-Bomance words used in 
the Swiss Canton of the Grisons. The following group 

* These three Patavia, and no others, are mentioned by Ptolemy, 
f See Bouquet, Historiens de la France, vol. i, pp. 94, 114, 531, 
677. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 

of five kindred terms may mark how the Southern 
Aryans once reached from the Ganges to the sources 
of the Rhine, while the existence in Lydian of the 
termination of the Armenian present participle, -avt, 
6t, or ot, is one sign that the Lydians had a more 
intimate degree of affinity with the Armenians than 
with the Indians. The Etruscan language, when we 
come to examine it, will exhibit exactly the same 
degrees of affinity to the Armenian and the Sanskrit 
that the ancient Lydian and Rhgetian appear to have 
possessed. These are the five words : — 

Sanskrit kantha, " the throat, the throttle." 

Armenian khetdavt, " throttling, choking." 

Lydian fcav8av\-r]<;, " o-fcvXko7rvi/CT7]<;, the 

quinsy/ 5 * 

Albanian kyendis, " I choke. "f 

Rhseto-Romance. . candarials, ~ a choking disease." J 

The following Rhaeto- Romance names of animals 
exhibit also Armenian affinities : — 

Guis, " marten." Armenian Ttovz, " pole-cat ;" 
hznachis, "marten," = Polish and Bohemian kuna, 
Russian kuniza, Lithuanian kiaune. 

Asoly asoula, "kid." Armenian ayz, "goat" (= Sans- 
krit affd, Greek .cut;) ; ovl, "kid." 

Tama, "moth." ) Armenian tliithern, 

Fafarinna, "butterfly." J "butterfly." 



# Bottioher's Arica, p. 44. f Hahn's Albanesische Studien. 

X "Eine Art Driisenubel, das das Athnien sehr erschwert." 
Carisch^s Rhato-Romanisches Worterbuch. 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Salipp, "locust." Sanskrit galabha, "locust:" 
root ra 1, " to run." Armenian satap, " quick, gliding." 

There are thus signs of the Armenian language 
having once stretched as far as the Pyrenees and the 
Alps : and the same may be said of the Carpathians, 
for the relics of the Dacian language exhibit some 
striking instances of Armenian affinity. These relics 
consist of more than thirty names of plants used in 
medicine ;* names that are very likely to contain the 
Dacian equivalents for the German kraut and wurz, and 
the English grass, wort, or weed, which are the terms 
that most commonly enter into the composition of 
German and English names of plants. The correspond- 
ing terms in Armenian are : Jchot, " herb, verdure, 
hay," and det, " herb, medicine, poison/" Thus 
"tobacco" is zJchalchot, "smoke-herb," and "rhubarb" 
is lihasndet, "flock-wort," in Armenian. Are there 
any indications of kindred words in Dacian ? 

Now aypcQcrri*;, gramen, was called in Dacian KOT-iara 
or /coT-TJara, in which we may fairly recognise the 
Armenian hhot, "herb, hay;" while it is very probable 
that a word similar to the Armenian det, "herb, 
medicine, poison," existed in the Dacian SteX-eta or 
SteX-Xeiva, "henbane;" rev-ScXd or rev-hetXd, " cala- 
lnint;" hovco-hrjka, " origan ;" irpia-hrjXa or irpia- S iXd, 
" black briony ;" Koiico-hCkd (or possibly tcvfco-XlSa), 
" nightshade;" and perhaps irpoire-hovXd or irpoire-htXd 
" cinquefbil." In addition to Idiot, the Armenian has 



* Grimm, Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache, cc. 9, 30. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 9 

another word for " grass/' sez, apparently = Sanskrit 
qaka, "herba." This word, combined perhaps with 
the Armenian anyag, " unlucky, detrimental/' may be 
found in the Dacian aviaaae^e, " onobrychis :" Pliny 
(xxiv, 113) speaks of a plant called impia herb a. 
There is too in Armenian the word ost, "ramus, 
germen, palmites, frondes" (cf. Basque ost, "leaf/' 
and German ast), which, when combined with the 
Armenian zow, " QaKaaaa^ gives a good explanation 
of the Dacian ^ovoarrj, "artemisia," of which Dioscorides 
says that it grows for the most part ev 7rapa6aXa<TaloL<$ 
toitols. There is a fifth Armenian word of the same 
class as Mot, det, sez, and ost, which are all apparently 
found in Dacian. This word is phthith, " the blowing 
of a flower," which gives the verb phtheth-il, "to 
blow, to bud, to sprout," with the present participle 
\phtheth-ot, the preterite participle phtheth-eal, and the 
future participle phtheth-eli. We meet likewise with 
phthith, when combined with zatih, "flower/' mist, 
;" always," and loys, "light," in the following com- 
pounds : — 

zatk-a-phthith, " flowering, blooming." 
mest-a-phthith, " ever-blooming." 
lovs-a-phthith, " luminous, light-shedding." 
To these add one of the previous Armenian I termina- 
tions, or such a one as in ovs-et, "sensible," from 
\ovs, " sense," and then compare the Dacian— 
<\>i6-o-$6e6eka, " ahiavrov, maidenhair."^ 



<M- is perhaps to be found in the Armenian %>het-ovr, "feather/* 



10 THE ASTATIC AFFINITIES OF 

It lias been pointed out by Grimm that one Dacian 
word, Kpovardvrj, u ^e\iS6vtov /Jbeya/' is the Lithuanian 
hregzdyne, and that another, hvv, "urtica, KvlSr)," is 
the Welsh dan-ad. The existence of such words in 
Dacian may, however, be accounted for by contiguity 
of position; an expedient which cannot be admitted as 
an explanation of the Armenian affinities of the Dacian, 
which are, besides, more numerous and intimate than 
any other. There were Celts in Pannonia, and there 
may have been Lithuanians in Galicia ; but Armenia 
is far away from Hungary and Wallachia. 

Having now ascertained, by the combined aid of 
history and language, the probable limits of the Thracian 
area in Europe, we must proceed to consider another 
subject before entering upon the examination of the 
Etruscan language. What nations possessed the area 
in question when the Thracians first intruded upon it? 

I spoke of Bunsen's map {ante, p. 2) as illustrating 
the tracks of the Southern Aryans to India and Armenia; 
for it is hardly probable that all the Aryans entered 
Europe through Armenia and Asia Minor. If the 
€€ Primeval Country" of the Aryans was the region 
where the Oxus and the Jaxartes have their sources, 
then another branch of that race, who may be called 
the Northern Aryans, would most likely take their 
way into the West along the north of the great 
barrier of sea and mountain, a thousand miles in 

and phet-tel, "to pluck." $>ieo<p6e0e\d would then be "feather- 
sprouting, plumy," just as the Armenian lovsaphthith is "light- 
sprouting, luminous." 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 11 

lengthy which, is formed by the Caspian, the Caucasus, 
and the Euxine. The leaders of this division seem to 
have been the nations of the Classical stock, such as 
the Umbrians, the Oscans, and the Hellenes ; which 
last I think, with Dr. Latham, to have been maritime 
settlers from Italy, as the Pelasgians and the Leleges 
may have come from Asia. I should find the explana- 
tion of Pelasgi, who are described as veteres, as 
avTO'xOoves , as ap^aiorarot, and as apyulov tl fyvkov, in 
the Armenian words, wat azg, " apyalov cf>v\ov;" where 
azg is "race, nation/' and wat is "ancient, old," 
= Greek TraX-aios, = Epirot ireX-ios. Pelasgi would be 
a Thracian term corresponding to the Greek Auto- 
chthones and the Latin Aborigines. Armenian words 
similar to Pelasgus in formation are: lavazgi, "noble," 
= good-race ; watazgi, " plebeian," = bad-race ; 
azatazgi, "citizen," = free-race; aylazgi, "foreigner," 
= other-race ; and some more. Leleges, " again," is 
readily explained as " sailors," from the Armenian let, 
lot, lovt, "swim," lotah or lovt ah, "swimmer;" nava- 
lovtak, "navigating."* The Classical nations would 
probably, as might be expected from the level nature 



* " The headlands of Southern Greece, and some other parts of 
the coast, were occupied in the earliest times by the Leleges and 
other tribes, which spread themselves from the opposite shores of 
Asia Minor over the islands of the Moean Sea. But, with these 
exceptions, the whole continent, from the borders of Thrace and 
Macedonia to the extreme point of Peloponnesus, was peopled by 
the great Pelasgian nation" (Maiden). If the Leleges came by 
sea into Greece, and the Bebryces by sea into Eoussillon, the 
Tyrrhenians might have come by sea into Etruria. 



1 2 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

of their supposed route from the Oxus to the Danube, 
reach Italy before the Thracians, while the reverse 
may have been the case in Greece; and they would 
have been followed or accompanied into Europe by 
their kindred the Celts, till the Alps, or perhaps the 
Carpathians, severed the stream into a northern and a 
southern arm. The Celts, in their turn, would have 
been followed by the Germans, and the Germans 
finally by the Slavonians and Lithuanians; although it 
is possible that these two ramifications of the Sarma- 
tian branch of the Aryan stock, whose languages have 
several Armenian affinities, may have preceded the 
Thracians through Asia Minor. I do not, however, 
think so myself. If the Thracians entered Europe 
from Asia Minor, and the Celts through the South of 
Eussia, it might be anticipated that the two races 
would clash and mingle on the Lower Danube; and 
this would account, not only for what Celtic may 
appear in Dacian, but also for such Celtic words as the 
Etruscan has taken up. 

But other tongues, besides the Celtic or any other 
Aryan language, may have affected the original Thracian 
as it was carried from Armenia to Etruria. Europe 
would have been peopled by some other nations before 
the Aryans entered it. Now, if we eliminate from 
Europe, together with that part of Asia which lies 
between the Caspian and iEgean Seas, all Aryan, 
Semitic, and Turkish inhabitants, we shall be left 
with only three races, or groups of nations : the 
Basques in the west, the Fins in the north, and the 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 13 

nations of the Caucasus in the east. The first ap- 
proximation therefore that we should make towards 
reconstructing the primitive population of Europe 
(with Armenia and Asia Minor) would be, by extend- 
ing the Basques, the Fins, and the Caucasians, till 
they met somewhere in the centre of Europe. I do 
not, however, find any linguistic signs of a Basque 
population there, though the Taurine asia, " rye," has 
been compared with the Basque acia, ""seed;" and the 
name of the Taurine Iria, now Voghera, is like the,/ 
Basque iria or utia, "city." But I must notice \ 
three Alpine words which deserve attention as possible 
indications of an extension of Fins and Caucasians 
into those mountains. The Ossetes and Tuschi, it has 
been mentioned in the preface, are two Caucasian 
tribes; and the Tuschi would apparently be a remnant 
of those Tusci whom Ptolemy speaks of in Asiatic 
Sarmatia on the north slope of the Caucasus. It 
might be an extension of the same race that brought 
the Tuscan name into Europe, where we meet with it 
in Etruria. The three Alpine words are : — 

1. Kdss, fcees, lease, "glacier" (Noric Alps).* Lap- 
ponic Jcaisse, "mons altior, plerumque nive tectus." 
Esthonian kahho, "frost; hassejda (jaa, "ice"), "ice 
formed by frost upon snow." Georgian qisiva, " frost. "f 

2. Laid, lauwi, lawine, "avalanche. "J Tuschi law, 
" snow" (Schiefner's Thusch-Sprache). 

* The Noric Alps lie to the north of the great valley of the 
Drave, the Carnic Alps to the south. 

f Compare the Peruvian cassa, "hail/ 5 Helps' Life of Pizarro. 
J In Bhseto-Romance, lavinna. 



14 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

8. Tiissel, "boy, knabe" (Spliigen district). Carian 
rovcravXoL, " Hvy/JLaloL." Ossetic tyiisul, " little/' 
= Armenian doyzn. Armenian thzovk, " a pygmy/' 
root thiz, "a span/' Kdr-rov^a, 7t6\l<; <dpatcr)<; } ev § 
tcarcpKovv oi Uwy/jLaloL* 

The last of these three words may possibly be 
Aryan, and have been carried into Rhastia by the 
Thracians; but of the other two, one seems Caucasian, 
and the other both Finnish and Caucasian. There 
would be two explanations of the presence in the Alps 
of Turanian words for "ice" and " snow/' if it may be 
allowable to apply the title " Turanian" to the Fins 
and Caucasians. Such words may have been taken up 
in Asia by the Thracians, and have been brought by 
them to Rhaetia ; or they may be due to an original 
Turanian population extending from the Ural or the 
Caucasus to the Alps. If we adopt, as I should be 
inclined to do, the second of these alternatives, we 
might be led to inquire if there were any European 
nations in historic times who belonged to this primi- 
tive Turanian population. That the Basques or Iberians 
formed a part of it is no improbable supposition ; and 
I suspect that both they, and all the original inhabit- 
ants of the South of Europe, as well as of Asia Minor 
and Armenia, were allied in blood and language to the 
Caucasian nations, while the North of Europe, beyond 
the Alps and the Carpathians, would have been Fin- 
nish, f The identity of names is remarkable. Not 

* Botticher's Arica, p. 5. 

t " The population of the first period," says Mr. Troy on, in his 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 15 

merely were there Iberians and Tuscans in the Caucasus 
as well as in Spain and Italy ; but the name of the 
nation which intervened in Europe between the Iberians 
and Tuscans, namely, the Ligyes or Ligurians, is found 
likewise in or near the Caucasus, as we know from 
Herodotus and Zonaras. There were, too, Ligyrii in 
Thrace, and the Taurisci of Noricum bore the additional 
name of Ligyrisci. The Ligurians of Italy were almost 
extirpated in their long war with the Romans (Niebuhr), 
and both in Italy and Gaul they would have been 
much Celticised, as we know that the Salyes were; 
while the Tuscans of Italy, if originally Caucasian, 
would have been conquered by the Thracian Rasenee, 
and have lost their national existence, while they 
communicated, like the Britons, their name to their 
conquerors. The same lot probably befell the primi- 
tive population of Dacia and Mgesia ; for, though the 
Dacian language was Thracian in the time of Diosco- 
rides, as may be inferred from its Armenian affinities, 
and as Strabo had declared at a rather earlier period, 
yet the Dacian town-name dava, of which a few 



j work on the Swiss Lake-dwellers, f< are a primitive people, per- 
1 haps belonging to a Finnish or Iberian race which came out of 

Asia several thousand (hundred) years before our era, and folio w- 
: ing the course of the Ehone or the Rhine wandered into the 

valleys of the Alps." Keller's Lake Dwellings (Eng. trans.), p. 395. 
! I imagine that law-ine and Jcees are relics of the language of this 
j Finnish or Iberian race, using Iberian in the double sense of 

Georgian (or Caucasian) and Basque; like as the ancient presence 

of the Thracian Bebryces in Eoussillon would be indicated by the 

word sern-eille, " glacier," in the Pyrenees. 



16 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

instances are found in Msssia besides, with one in 
Dalmatia, and one in Dardania, seems best explained 
from the Georgian data, "village, town/* though 
probably allied at the same time to the Sanskrit dega 
and the Armenian deh, " pagus." A parallel might be 
made with Cornwall, where Celtic place-names exist 
among a people now speaking English. The Dad or 
Davi were probably " the villagers/' as Gesenius has 
interpreted the name of the Caspian Dahce or Dai.* 



# The Georgian daba might also explain the name of the Gala- 
tian Tavium, and the last part of Pa(t)-tavium (ante, p. 5), while 
Pat- was referred to the Armenian pat-el, "to enclose/' There was 
a Dacian town called Patav-issa. Two more Dacian towns were 
called Acidava,, which bears a resemblance to Acitavones, the 
second name of the Centrones in Savoy. We know that there 
were the pile-towns of an early race on the Leman Lake — 

' ' Quam vetus mos Greecise 
Yocitavib Action." (Avienus) 

Guadix in Andalusia was anciently called Acci. In Georgian, vake 
is "plain, fields," like the Spanish vega. In Lapponic, wagge is 
" valley :" " imprimis vallis inter montes latior," which would well 
describe the position of the Ligurian Vagienni. The Genoese 
lalla, "aunt," seems Finnish too, as lei is "uncle" in Esthonian. We 
find in Avienus the inhabitants of the Alpine valley of the 
Ehone called Tylangii, Daliterni, Chabilci, and Temenici, instead of 
Viberi, Seduni, Veragri, and Nantuates ; just as the Acitavones were 
also Centrones, and as the Medulli were also Go.ro celi. Each one of 
the six tribes between the Furca and the Mont Cenis had two 
names, and so likewise had the Lacus Lemanus. The Alps were 
perhaps not much Celticised before the movement which brought 
the Gauls into Italy. The Chabilci seem to have left their name 
to Chable and the Chablais, which once included the Lower Vallais. 
There was a town called Chabala in the Caucasian Albania 
Temnus was a mountain in Mysia. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 1 7 

A part of the Albanians, the probable representa- 
tives of the ancient Illyrians, are still called Toscans ; 
and both are Caucasian names, though the Albanian 
language is Aryan, as Bopp has shewn in his essay on 
that subject. Among many remarkable Albanian words, 
two may be selected on account of their significance. 
One of them, diel or dil, "sun," resembles the Georgian 
dili or dila, " morning/' but would also be allied in 
root to the Albanian di(te), "day," = Latin dies, 
== Sanskrit di(na), = Welsh dyiv, = Armenian tir. 
The Armenian plural form, ticli, " age," i. e. " days," 
would imply ti in the singular as another form of ti%\ 
The Sanskrit diva," heaven," is likewise a kindred term; 
and the root is the Sanskrit div, "to shine/' By 
taking this root into the Armenian, dropping the v as 
in the Sanskrit dina = div ana, and adding one of the 
Armenian I terminations {ante, p. 9), the Albanian 
diel or dil, " sun," comes to mean " shining, bright." 
Yet I terminations are as characteristic of Georgian as 
they are of Armenian and Etruscan ; and dili or dila, 
" morning," is a true Georgian derivative from the 
root, di(v), "to shine." In Tuschi, too, " God" is 
Dal, which might be deduced from a similar root. 

For from the root div the Sanskrit derives also 
deva, " God," = Armenian dev, " demon ;" which 
words, when combined with the Armenian iverin, 
"high" (shortened into iuern in ivem-akan, "celestial"), 
lead us at once to the Albanian perndi or perendi, 
" God." The root of werin is the Armenian wer, " on 
high" (= Sanskrit para, "altus"), which gives in the 

c 



18 THE ASTATIC AFFINITIES OF 



comparative weragoyn, " superior/' and enables us to 
explain the Phrygian fiepetcvvSat, " haljJLove*;" i.e. "the 
supremo spirits;" or else as "the most high/' if h is 
not radical. Berccyntlins was also a mountain.* 

The Armenian for "God" is astovaz, — Zend agtvat, 
{ s existentia (a$tu) pra3ditus."t 

The Etruscan words for "Deity" are Aryan, like 
the Armenian and Albanian. They are, according to 
Classic reporters, cesar, " deus," and alcroi, " QeoL" 
Acs- or ak- is the Old Norse as, "deus," the Armenian 
ays, " spirit, demon/' and probably also the Gaelic 
aos, "fire, the sun/' from which by the addition of 
fear, "bonus, vir," = Sanskrit vara, Armenian ayr, are 
derived the Gaelic Aosar, and the Irish Aosar, Aesar, 
"God," which Bopp compares with the Sanskrit igvara, 
" dominus/' and ig, " dominari." The connexion be- 
tween " dominus" and " sol" is shewn in the Sanskrit 
ind, "dominus," = Irish ion, "sol." Yet we should 
expect the Sanskrit ig to become ic (= ik) in Gaelic. 
The Etruscan for " heaven," falandum, would be 
allied to the Persian buland, "high, heaven," and the 
Sanskrit oland, "in altum tollere." 

Whatever the population may have been originally 
in Illyria, Dacia, and Msesia, yet it seems eventually 
to have been either Aryan or Aryanised, as it would 
certainly have been in Thrace and Greece : but among 
the mountains in the heart of the peninsula a remnant 
of the original Turanian inhabitants may have been 

* Other languages present signg.of affinity here. See Diefen- 
bachj Lex, Comp. s.v.fairguni, "berg." 
f Botticher's Arica, p. 63. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 19 

left in the Pseonians, with the dwellers on piles whom 
Herodotus describes on Lake Prasias ; the kindred, 
perhaps, of the Swiss lake-dwellers who have of late 
excited general interest, and whom "-Realmah" has 
made so popularly known. The Pseonians represented 
themselves, according to Herodotus, as a colony of the 
Teucrians from Troy, and their remains were certainly 
called Gergithes (v. 22), and probably dwelt at Gergis, 
Gergithium, or Gergithus, in the territory of Lampsacus 
(Strabo, p. 589). Gergeti is an Ossetic town in the 
centre of the Caucasus. The pile-dwellers on Lake 
Prasias cut their timber in Mount Orbelus, and the 
Orbelians were a princely family in Georgia.* 

If there were people of Caucasian origin in Europe, 
it is not likely that Asia Minor would be without 
them. The most eminent nation here that I should be 
inclined to consider as Turanian and Caucasian would 
be the Lycians, whose language, which is neither 
Aryan nor Semitic in character, appears to me to 
present signs of such an affinity. I have discussed the 
question at some length in my Armenian Origin of the 
'Etruscans, and shall only select a very few points for 
notice here. The Lycian term for " wife," lade, de- 
serves consideration in the first place, and may be 
thus derived from the Caucasian by the aid of the 
Circassian and Lesgi languages : — 

fe}" flesk " 

Circassian ...-{lay l„ blood » 
t lilay J 
Jklay, " husband." 
* St. Martin, Memoir es sur V Armenie. 



20 TTTE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Lesgi tly'adi ) « wife » 

Lycian lade ) 

Three other Lycian words are : — 

tede-eme, " son." 

KciSp-e/Jia, " (jltov (ftpvy/JLOs" 

vX-a/^os, " fcapTros." 

the last pair being two of the five Lycian words 

derived from Greek reporters. The terminations of 

these three words may be found in the termination of 

the Esthonian infinitive -ma, which resembles the 

Turkish infinitive terminations, -mak, -mek ; or in the 

Tuschi noun-termination -om, which is, however, not 

common ; or in the Lapponic noun-termination -em, 

which is exceedingly frequent : as, e. g. — passat-et, 

"lavare/' passat-em, "lotio;" — passot-et, " colere/' 

yassot-em, " cultus;" pass-et," ^ssaxe" pass-em , u Yevxi." 

But Aryan languages have similar terminations, as in 

av-ejjios. 

For vX-cl/jlo? we have — 

Turkish el-ma 
Hungarian al-ma 

and for v\- — 

Esthonian willi 



> " apple 



Tuschi chit f 

r . / khili, "apple." 
Georgian j ^'.^ PP^ 

for KciSp- — 

Tuschi Icotor, " cake, bread." 

and iur tede- — 

Esthonian told- } ,, . , ,, 

Armenian taz- / nounsh - 



Greek r?]0r), " nurse/ 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 21 

I subjoin one Lycian epitaph to shew the language, 

and because it will enable me to explain a word 

better than I did on a former occasion : — 

ewuinu goru mute prinafatu esedeplume urppe 
this tomb here made Esedeplume for 

lade euwe se tedesaeme eaweye womeleye. 
wife his and children his all. 

For the last word compare : — 

/wune a some, was, welches" 

m i • J wun — ele ..." every, jedes." 

\ wum " something, etivas." 

vwuma "all, alles, alle" 

Lycian . . .worn — ele — ye, " all." 

On a gold collar about six inches in diameter, 

which is now in the Museum of Vienna, and was 

found in Wallachia, a part of ancient Dacia, in the 

year 1838 (Micali, Mon. Ined., tav. liii), there is an 

inscription written from left to right, which may be 

read by the aid of the Lycian characters, alv.fi/hthdi 

iifipfa, "the iifipfa of Alufiithas," a name partially 

like Alyattes * Here the short a is X, which is 

Lycian ; and the u, I surmounted by X, which is also 

'Lycian. If the X be made a ^ or ch instead of a short 

a, the inscription would become chlafiithdi iifipfch, 

, which seems a less likely reading. The remaining 

letters in the inscription have nothing particularly 

distinctive about them. If the collar were a votive 

offering, or even a gift to an individual, iifipfa might 

* Pausanias (x, 16) says, that of all the offerings of the Lydian 
kings nothing remained at Delphi but the iron pedestal or base 
)f the bowl of Alyattes. 



22 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

be explained from the Tuschi vphob == Georgian iephoba, 
' € generosity, munificence, freigebigkeit ;" wliicli con- 
sists of the Tuschi iaph, = Georgian iephi, " munifi- 
cent/' combined with the Tuschi termination -ob 
= Georgian -oba. Votive offerings are said to be 
given Jibe utcr and libera munere. Such a Georgian 
form as saso-cba, "hope/' comes still nearer to tif* 
ipfa, though -ipfa should likewise be compared with 
the Sanskrit gal-abha, = Armenian sat-ap, — Rhaeto- 
Eomance sal-ipp (ante; p. 8).* We have seen from 
the Dacian -clava, = Georgian daba, "village, town/' 
that the language of Dacia was probably at first 
Caucasian, and from the Dacian names of plants that 
it became afterwards Thracian ; as the language of 
Gaul became Latin while the Celtic town-names were 
retained in the country. Yet it does not follow, 
because the gold collar was found in Dacia, either 
that its original destination was Dacia, or that the 
inscription on it is Dacian. It might have been carried 
off, and brought to Dacia. For the declension of 
Alufiithdi, compare the Tuschi Marital, the genitive of 
Marie, "Marcus/' and masai, the genitive of rnasa, 
" lux/' = Sanskrit mds, " luna," = Georgian mze, 
"sol." 

Micali thinks the characters on the Wallachiau collar 
to be like the Euganean letters. The Euganeans may 
very well have been a remnant of the early Turanians 
of Italy. They were neither Gauls nor Venetians. 



Compare apfel, hihpfen, kopf, and apple, hop, cop. 






THE OLD ITALIANS. 23 

Maiden writes, in his unfinished, and hardly com- 
menced, History of Rome: "The mountainous country 
northward from the lake (of Grarda) remained in pos- 
session of the Euganei. Of this ancient and once 
powerful people Cato was still able to enumerate thirty- 
four towns (Plin. H. N. in, 24) ; and they were re- 
ported by tradition to have inhabited all the country 
between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea, till they were 
driven into the mountains by the Yeneti (Liv. i, 1). 
Their chief tribe was the Stoni or Stoeni (Plin. R. N. 
iii, 24), and the Stoeni are expressly named Ligurians 
in a fragment of the Triumphal Fasti, and by the 
geographer Stephanus." I think it probable that the 
Euganeans are rightly connected with the Ligurians, 
as well as the Orobii, whose origin Cato could not 
ascertain (Plin. H. N. iii, 23). The same mystery 
hangs over the origin of the Euganeans. Micali says 
(vol. ii, p. 25): " Vanamente pero vorremmo rintracciare 
Torigine degli Euganei." No doubt it is difficult to do 
so. Indeed, until Caucasians or Pins be brought in, 
there is always one race at least, in Italy, in the 
Turkish peninsula, and in Asia Minor, which cannot 

, be accounted for. The name of the Orobii, who occupied 
the mountains of Como, and possessed Berg-omum, 
(which is like Perg-amus, and may contain a termina- 

; tion like the Tuschi -om and that of the Lycian iJX-a/^o?) ; 

i of the river Or obis, now the Orb in Languedoc ; of the 
river Orba in the Ligurian Apennines; of the Pgeonian 
Mount Orbelus ; and of the Georgian Orbelian family; 
—all these names may be compared with three given 



2 I- THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

by Ptolemy: Orbanassa in Pisidia, and Orbisene and 
Orbalissene in Armenia Minor, where -sens would be 
the Armenian termination sen, found in mezasen, 
"great," and sikasen, "red." Cf. Tyr-senus and Por- 
. It signifies also "town," and is Georgian as 
well as Armenian. Orbi means " eagle" in Georgian, 
and ~((H and -eZt, which may appear in Orb-elus and 
Orb-aKssene, are common Georgian terminations: e. g. 
dab-all, "humilis," from dab-a, "pagus;" Guri-eli, 
" belonging to the country of Guria." Mount Orbelus 
would probably = Adlersberg, but the rivers Orba and 
rob is would rather mean "swift," like as the Etruscan 
aracus, "hawk/' is the Armenian arag, "swift." Cf. 
Araxes. There is an Arbel-lwrn in the Bernese Alps. 

The Tuschi call their own country Baza (Schiefner, 
s. v.) ; a name resembling the Hispanian Basti, now 
Baza, which Humboldt compares with the Basque 
laso(a), "forest." The Bessi were a Thracian tribe. 

There was an ancient people in Paphlagonia or 
Bithynia called Caucones, who were extinct in Strabo's 
time. Some thought them to be Scythians, others 
Macedonians, and others Pelasgians. A people of the 
some name were once found in Messenia and Blis. 
The Gauco-ensii were a Dacian tribe. Cf. Caucasus. 

In addition to the Lycians, I should be inclined to 
consider as Caucasian the Pisidians and Lycaonians, 
neither of whom are mentioned as Thracians, though 
the Phrygians and Milyans, who bordered on them, 
ore expressly said to be so. Lycaon was a son of 
P lasgus. When the Thracians advanced from the 



THE OLD ITALIAN'S. 25 

Caspian into Armenia and Asia Minor, I think that 
they left the relics of the primitive Caucasian popula- 
tion, on their right in Armenia, and on their left in 
Asia Minor. Upon the whole, I may define the posi- 
tion which I imagine the Caucasians held with respect 
to the Thracians, both in Asia and Europe, by compar- 
ing it to that which the Dravidas now hold with respect 
to the Sanskrit nations in India. The Cappadocians 
or White Syrians, who divided the Armenians from 
their kindred, the Phrygians, would have been Semitic 
invaders from the south at a later period, whom an 
infusion of Thracian and Caucasian blood may have 
rendered fairer in complexion than the rest of the 
Aramaeans. As the Thracians proceeded from Asia 
towards the west, their language, previously liable to 
be affected with Caucasian and Semitic elements, would 
probably have taken up some Celtic, and perhaps some 
Finnish words, especially in Italy and the Eastern 
Alps. But its substance and its structure would re- 
main Armenian ; and such, I believe, the Etruscan 
language will prove on examination. 



26 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



CHAPTER II. 

ETRUSCAN SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS. 

It lias been shewn in the preceding chapter, from the 
accounts of the ancients, how they made a series of 
Thracian nations to extend from the Caspian Sea as 
far as the Carpathians and the sources of the Rhine ; 
and several linguistic coincidences have been brought 
forward in confirmation of the truth of these accounts, 
which there does not seem to be any reason for im- 
pugning. There is then, as Etruria is included in the 
Thracian area, a certain antecedent probability that 
the Etruscan language would be found to belong to 
the same Aryan family as the Armenian : and we 
have, besides this, the evidence of Livy, a native of 
Padua, that the Rhsetian language, which appears 
from its relics to have been like the Armenian, was 
Etruscan with a corrupt pronunciation. It will accord- 
ingly be the object of this and the two following 
chapters to shew that the Etruscan language was 
Aryan of the Armenian type ; and the argument will 
be opened by an examination of the Etruscan epitaphs 
that contain the often cited avil and ril, words both 
characterised by one of those I terminations to which 
I have already called attention. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 27 

There are three words, cetas, annus, and vixit, which 
continually occur in Latin epitaphs, accompanied by 
the name and age of the deceased. The case is the 
same in Etruscan, where the corresponding words are 
avil, ril, and leine, with line elsewhere. To illustrate 
the use of these Etruscan words, it will be sufficient to 
select the following seven of Lanzas epitaphs, in each 
of which the proper name is omitted, and its place 
supplied, for convenience of reference, by the number 
of the epitaph : — 

453. civil xxxiii. 454. avil ril lxv. 

32. avils xxix. 455. ril liii leine. 

10. ril xxi, 456. ril leine lv. 

87. line. 

There are almost enough materials here to deter- 
mine the family of languages to which the Etruscan 
belonged, for the respective meanings of avil, ril, and 
leine, are scarcely to be mistaken. I will, however, as 
so much is to be learned from these three words 
alone, proceed to prove what a careful observer might 
very likely perceive on inspection : and this demonstra- 
tion seems to be the more requisite, as it was said 
long ago, and has not yet entirely ceased to be re- 
peated, that all we know of the Etruscan language is, 
that avil ril means "vixit annos," though it cannot be 
said which is the noun, and which the verb.* Even 

* " Of their language, chiefly preserved to us in their sepulchral 
inscriptions, we know absolutely nothing. The only expression 
that has been satisfactorily made out is the very common one of 
ril avil, ' vixit annos.'" Murray's Central Italy, p. 256 (ed. 1807). 



28 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Niebuhr was at fault here. "Al dire di lui," writes 
Micaiij in his A ntichi Popoli Italiani (vol. ir, p. 351)^ "la 
Bcienza dell' Etrusco sarebbe ristretta all' interpetrazi- 
one certa di due sole parole : avil kil, vixit annos." 

Yet all that can be pronounced certain, or almost 
certain, is, not that avil ril means "vixit annos," but 
that of the two expressions, avil ril and ril leine, one 
signifies " vixit annos," and the other " anno getatis." 
Ril therefore, which occurs in both expressions, stands 
for both anno and annos, and would consequently be 
the Etruscan word for "year" used without declension, 
or else contracted to its crude form like ann. and 
cetat. in Latin. Again, as avil and avils cannot both 
be rendered " vixit," to say nothing of other obvious 
reasons, it is plain that avil is cetas or cetat., and 
that avils is cetatis ; so that avil would be declined 
like an Aryan noun. So far then from its being 
certain that avil ril means " vixit annos," it is easy 
to see that avil ril cannot mean "vixit annos." 
Finally, as ril is "year," and avil is "age," no 
sense but " lived" is left for the remaining word 
leine, which, when accompanied by the number of 
years of life, is always joined with ril, "years," as 
vixit is with annos * When it stands alone, as line 

* " Occurrit (leine) in titulis sepulcralibus (ex Volaterris), con- 
junctum cum voce ril, quod exponitur annos vel annorum." 
Fabretti, p. 1042. Should it not therefore have been inferred 
that leine corresponded to "vixit," especially when avils, " Eetatis/' 
had been rightly interpreted, as it has for some time been in 
Italy? Of the explanations that have been given for leine, the 
Latin lene, i. e. leniter, and the Greek \divos, are selected as the 
most probable in Fabrettis vocabulary. But even if lene be taken 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 29 

does twice in Lanzi, the Roman euphemism, " she 
lived," would be employed for " she is dead." 

The Etruscan words, leine or line, " he lived/' ril, 
"year," and avil } "age/' may be thus explained : — 

Sanskeit. 
Root li, "adhere, dwell, live" 
lay a, " house, dwelling."* 
lindti, "he dwells." 
alindt, "he was dwelling." 

Armenian. 
Root li, "become, be, live" (implied in li-eal, "been"). 
law ay or loray, "dwelling, home" 
Lore or Lori, name of two towns, " Ham" 
lini, " he is." 
liner, "he was" (imperfect: there is no aorist). 

Etruscan. 
Lori~um, name of a town.f 
leine or line, " he lived." 



as a valediction equivalent to " sit tibi terra levis," and Kd'ivos as 
meaning " tumulus/' how can the resulting explanations of ril 
leine ly or ril liii leine be more probable than " annos vixit . ." ? 
There is no reason to infer at starting that the Etruscan, Greek, 
and Latin languages belonged to one family, but rather, as 
Niebuhr and Micali affirmed, strong grounds for separating the 
Etruscan from the other two : for the Greek and Latin, after 
being put to the torture for a century, have' given no explanation 
of the commonest Etruscan forms. Proximity need not imply 
affinity;, and the languages of Etruria and Latium may have 
been no more nearly allied than are those of England and Wales. 

* Cf. Thracian Ae'jSa, te w6\i$." Botticher's Arica, p. 51. 

f Loro and Lari are two modern towns in Tuscany. 



so the asiatic affinities of 

Gaelic. 



Root ra, " go." 

ra-idh, "a quarter of a year/' 
Sanskrit. 
Root ri y "go." 

ri-tx\, " a season (of two months)." 
Armenian. 
Root rail, " go" (implied in rah-el, "to go"). 
kath-i7, "to drop, a drop" (root hath). 

Etruscan. 
r-il, " a year." Compare n-il = nih-il. 



Sanskrit. 
Root <zv, " grow,, move." 

Armenian. 

lin-iZ or lin-el, " to be" (root li y base lin). 

lin-eli, "that is to be" (future participle) . 

av-e\i, " exceeding, redundant, more." 

yav-et, " more, rather." 

yav-ite&n, "an age." 

az;-ag, " more aged, elder." 

tes-z7, "aspect" (root tes). 
Etruscan. 

av-il, "age." 

The Armenian av-r, "day, time, age," and dv-t 9 "ring," 
i. e. " circle, circuity orbit," might also be akin to 
avil and the Sanskrit av : and the following words 
may be cited to illustrate the connexion between 
"going" and "year/' and "season" and " year;" as 
well as to exhibit still further the relationship of the 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 31 

Indians to the Armenians, and of both, in their proper 
degree, to the reputed ancestors of the Etruscans : — 

Sanskrit. 
Eoot hi, " go, increase, amplify." 
hay ana, " year." 



nava, 

garad, " autumn, year ;" whence gdrada, " new." 
Armenian. 
Nava-sard, " ancient name of first month :" 
zardi, "new." 

Lydian. 
Neo? G-aphts, " New-year."* 

Ossetic. 
sard, " summer." 
Something may likewise be said about the forms of 
the Armenian words adduced to explain leine, avil, 
and ril. The Armenian imperfect is formed like the 
imperfect of the Latin possum, so that lin-er, " he was 
living," corresponds to pot-erat : for the Sanskrit 
dsit, "he was," = Zend as, = Armenian Sr, = Latin 
erat.f But, in the imperfect, it is only in the third 
person singular, and there, it may be, in order to 
distinguish er, "he was," from e, "he is," that the 
Armenian retains the s of the Sanskrit root, converted 
into r as in. Latin. In the Armenian Si, "I was," 
= Sanskrit &sam, and Sir, "thou wast," = Sanskrit 

# Botticher's Arica, p. 49. The city Sardis might derive its 
name from the Armenian zardi, "new." Cf. Ebrard on Rev. iii, 1. 
t The augment is, however, wanting in erat. 



o'2 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

dsi8 } that letter is omitted; so that we should rather 
expect in the third person, instead of liner, a form 
like the Etruscan leine or line, "he lived/' which may, 
too, be the Sanskrit (a)lin (t), "he was living/' when 
the augment is dropped, as in Latin, Zend, and Ar- 
menian, and the final t, as in Armenian, Greek, and 
Italian. But perhaps, as we shall see eventually, 
leine is an historic present, = Armenian lini, while 
line is the imperfect. With respect to av-il and r-il, 
it should be noticed, that -i7 is the usual termination 
of the passive or neuter infinitive in Armenian, as in 
lin-il (or lin-el), "to be." The Etruscan ril, "year," 
i. e. "course (of the sun)/' would thus signify originally 
"das Gehen," = Armenian rahel, just as the Armenian 
kathil signifies " a drop/' as well as " to drop :" and 
civil, "age," would in like manner signify "das 
Wachsen." The German leben is another example of 
an infinitive that is also a noun : and it is remarkable 
that a single Armenian word lin-il, " leben," should 
contain the meaning of leine or line, and the form of 
av-il and r~ih In the Etruscan lein-, too, there is a 
double affinity to the Sanskrit and Armenian ; for the 
conjugational n is there, as well as the root li or IL 

In the Armenian lavray or loray, " a home," which 
explains the signification of the Armenian Lori and 
the Etruscan _Lon-um (ante, p. 29), the root of dwelling, 
II or li, seems combined with the Sanskrit vri, "tegere," 
which occurs, with the termination -an added, in the 
Armenian tcran, "tent, booth." Compare Yevcma, 
the Noric Virunum, and the village Vrin in the Grisons. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 33 

Avil or avils 9 "getatis," accompanied by the number 
of years of life, is found in conjunction with two other 
words besides ril. One of these words appears in two 
forms, lupu and lupuhe, the last being one of those -he 
forms which are so common in Etruscan, as in tur-he 
or turu-he, "he gives. " In Lanzi we find : — 
465. lupu. 

463. lupu ami xxm. 

464. lupu avils xvn. 
and in Fabretti : — 

2100. avils xxxvi lupu. 

2058. avils lx lupuhe. 
If ami ril corresponds to anno cetatis, and ril leine 
to vixit annosy the Latin form to which lupu avils cor- 
responds would most likely be obiit cetatis. Lupu 
would then mean " he dies," and be a verb belonging 
to a u conjugation, like the Armenian lizov, "he licks." 
The root of lup-u is supplied by the Sanskrit lup, 
"destroy;" lup, "kill, rob;" or by the Polish tup, 
"booty;" tup-id, "to plunder;" tup-ac, "to split;" 
or by the Gaelic lobh, " putrefy," and the Irish labha, 
" corpse." All these words are allied to the Sanskrit 
ln } == Greek \v-co, and to the Armenian lovz-el, " to 
loose" We shall meet in another epitaph with lupum, 
which means "corpse" in the accusative.* 

I said it was only almost certain that avil ril and ril 
leine meant " anno setatis" and " vixit annos," because 
it would be possible a priori that lupu avils meant 

j * The Greek and Latin explanations of lupu are \oirds and locus. 

D 



3 L THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

"vixit annos," and ril leino, "setatis obiit." The forms 
might be sufficient to assure us that, in these four 
words, ril and avil are the two nouns, and lupu and 
h 'mi' the two verbs. If, therefore, we can deduce, from 
the Armenian and Sanskrit, avil, " age," ril, " year," 
lento, " he lives," and lupu, " he dies," we should have 
the right meanings for the four words collectively, and 
might fairly conclude that each one of them was cor- 
rectly interpreted. Nor would this conclusion be 
much, if at all, shaken^ because avil with a number is 
found connected with one more word, as in the follow- 
ing epitaph, where the proper name is omitted as 
before (Giorn. Arcad., vol. cxix, p. 325) : — 
zilachnhe avil S.I. (qu. avils . .) 
Orioli renders these words conjecturally, " obiit, de- 

positus est, sepultus est (' o simile') aetatis ;" and 

it is not easy to see how a different meaning can be 
given to them. As, therefore, the sense "obit" 
(= "obiit") is in all probability anticipated by lupu, 
zilachnhe ought apparently to mean " sepelitur, info- 
ditur": and, as the Aryan character of the Etruscan is 
sufficiently apparent in the forms already interpreted, 
a root found in many Aryan languages would be an 
appropriate root for zilachnhe. Such a root appears in 
the Greek Xa/co?, in the Gaelic lag, " cavum, specus," 
in the Italian lacca, "fossa, caverna," in the Armenian 
etag } " fossa," and in the Phrygian lachit, which pro- 
bably means " fodit." Assuming, then, lach as the 
Etruscan for "grave," and "is buried" as the meaning 
of zilachnhe, we might make the following comparisons 
between Etruscan and Armenian forms: — 



the old italians. 35 

Etruscan. 

lack, " a grave.-" 

zi — lack nk e, " he is buried/' 

Armenian. 

akn, "an eye." 

z — akan e, " he eyes." 

ett, "a place. " 

z — etet £, " he places." 

getin, " ground, terre" 

z- — getn e, Ci il terrasse" 

phokh, " a response." 

phokh e> "he exchanges." 

phokh — anak,... " change, lieutenant, vicar." 
phokh — anak-e, " he exchanges, he succeeds." 

yatth, " great." 

yatth e, " he conquers." 

yatth — anak,... " victory." 
yatth — anak — e, " he triumphs." 
The only discrepancy here is, that the Etruscan 
zilachnke is passive, while the Armenian verbs cited 
are active ; though yattha.nake, " he triumphs," and 
phokhanake, "he succeeds," i.e. "he puts himself in 
the place of another," may be considered as reflective. 
In Armenian, n implies " self," and k is causative. 

Z is prefixed to nouns and pronouns, as well as to 
verbs, in Armenian. It distinguishes the objective 
from the nominative : e.g. sirel zAstovaz, " to love 
God, amar a Dios" It also marks other cases : as — 
erthal zoskvoy, " to go for gold" (oski) ; — arkanel 
znowav, " to put upon him." On the whole, whether 



36 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

prefixed to verbs, where it is augmentative or deter- 
minative, or to pronouns and nouns, where it is the 
latter, its force seems nearly the same as that of eV/.* 

In addition to zilachnke axil . . , lupu avils xvn, and 
avils lx lupuke, we find in Fabretti (2059), zilachnuke 
lupuke, "infoditur,moritur," — "he is dead and buried." 
This shews that zilachnke is not synonymous with lupu 
and lupuke, and can, therefore, hardly mean anything 
else than " he is buried" or " interred." If so, and the 
root be lach, = Armenian etag, " fossa," the manner 
in which the Armenian enables us to build up zilachnke 
is very remarkable. As the Armenian phohh gives 
phokhe and phokhanake, "he exchanges," we should 
first get etaganake, "fodit(ur);" and, as ett gives 
zetele, "he places," we should next get zetaganaJve, 
" mfodit(ur)," = zilachnke or zilachnuke. 

I now come to nine epitaphs of the greatest value, 
as they contain Etruscan numerals, not in figures, but 
in ivords. I shall, therefore, give them at length, with 
their numbers in Fabretti : — 

2104. LarthiKeisi Keises Velus Yelisnas Ravnthus sech 
avils sas Amke Uples.f 

* The Armenian word zi, = Zend zi, = Sanskrit hi, signifies 
" for, nam, denn, yap" 

f Amke Uples was probably the person who provided the tomb, 
or undertook the burial. See 2070 and 2340, where Amke seems 
the nominative to kepen tenu and Jcisum tame . ., "offers the grave," 
and "buries the corpse." Kepen may be the accusative of a noun 
corresponding to the Armenian govb, gen. geb-oy, "a ditch, a 
cistern ;" and tenu would be equivalent to the Armenian tani, 
" tenet, tendit." Kisum, as will be shewn subsequently, may be 
the accusative of Ms-, "a corpse," and tame "buries," appears 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 37 

2119. Vipinanas Vel Kla 

nte Ultnas La (r) thai klan 
avils tivrs sas 
2033 bis. Yel Leinies Larthial Ruka Arnthialum 
klan Velusum prumaths avils sesphs 
lupuke 
2071. Larth Churchles Arntlial Churchles Thanch- 
viius(k) Krakial 
klan avils Memzathrms lupu 
2070. Arnth Churkles Larthal klan Ramthas Pevtnial 
vilk Parchis Amke 

Marunuch Spurana kepen tenu avils maclis 
semphalchls lupu 
2340. Ramtlm Matulnei seek Markvs Matulm . . . 

puiam Amke Setkres Keis(in)ies kisum tame. . .u 
Laf . nask Matulnask klalum* ke . s kiklena P.m. 
a . .. avenke lupum avils (m)aclis mealchlsk 
Eitvapia me. . . 
2335a. Larth Arnthal Precus klan 
Ramth(a)s Apatrual eslz 
zilachnthasf avils thunesi muvalchls lupu 

2'oQbd. A . . ikne . . eltna turefnesithvas 

avils his muvalchl 

2108. Vipinans Sethre Velthur . . Meklasial Thanchvilu 
avils his healchfljs 

akin to the Armenian damban, " el sepulchre." Ravnthus ( 2104) 
should probably be Ramthas, as 2070 and 2340 seem to shew : but 
I shall not correct the proper names. 

* Klalum, "mcerorem, funera." Greek kAcuw. Armenian lal, 
" mourning, lamentation." 

t Qu. zilachnuke, " sepelitur." 



38 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Iii 2310, we meet with . . avenhe lupum instead of 
lupu. This form must be explained before proceeding 
to analyse the numerals. The root of . . avenhe, one of 
the Etruscan -he forms, like lupuhe, turuke, turhe, and 
erske, would probably be the Sanskrit av, " servare," 
which is found in the Armenian ap-aven, " refuge ;" 
ap- being equivalent to the Sanskrit apa, ap-, and the 
Greek airo, air-. Apavini means in Armenian, "he 
takes refuge, he consigns himself;" so that the active 
apavine would mean " he consigns," and the Etruscan 
. . avenhe lupum would be rendered " deponit corpus." 
But . . avenhe might, perhaps, be better explained, 
still keeping to the same root av, " servare," from the 
Armenian : — 

avanfdj* " deposit, consignment." 
avand-el, "to deposit, to give up." 
avande zhogin, "he gives up the ghost fhogij, 
he dies;" a singular parallel to the Etruscan 
. . avenhe lupum, " he gives up the body, he dies." 
I will notice at a later period the terms of parentage 
or descent in these epitaphs, hlan, sech, and puiam, the 
accusative of puia, " filia." Their explanation is not 
necessary, as that of . . avenhe lupum was, to prepare 
the way for the consideration of the numerals, to which 
we will now proceed. From the first three of the 
epitaphs we get : — 

avils sas 
avils tivrs sas 

* Compare relva* and tendo; also Armenian spand, " slaughter/' 
from span, "kill;" and avan, "village" (= Sanskrit avani, "terra"), 
and sar-avancl, "headland" (sar, "head"). 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 39 

avils sesphs lupuke 

" astatis obit." 

I need scarcely cite such forms as avils xxxvi Iwpu and 
avils lx lupuke, to prove that sesphs, in avils sesphs 
lupuke, is a numeral : but I must defer its consideration 
for the present, as Fabretti gives the reading as sesphs 
in the inscriptions, but as semphs in the vocabulary ; 
and semph, as will be seen later, appears to be the 
Etruscan for " seven.-" In amis sas, and avils tivrs sas, 
sas would be " six," = Sanskrit sas, = Persian sas, = 
Lithuanian szeszi, = Latin sex, = Greek e£, = Ar- 
menian ivez, = Afghan sbaz, = Zend khsvas, = Os- 
setic achsaz: and tivrs would be "thirty/' = Welsh tri- 
deg, = Latin tri-ginta, = Lithuanian trys-deszimtis, 
= Sanskrit trim-gat, = Zend thri-gata, = Armenian ere- 
sovn, = Afghan der-s. This last form is very like the 
Etruscan, which should, perhaps, be tiers, as E and V 
fFJ are easily confounded. 

We now pass to the fourth epitaph, which gives : — 
avils kiemzathrms lupu 

" astatis obit." 

This epitaph belongs, as is seen from the eflfigy, to 
an old man fuomo vecchioj, and would, therefore, in- 
volve "fifty," "sixty," "seventy," or even "eighty." 
If kiemz- be put by the side of tivrs or tiers, " thirty," 
it will be apparent that kiem may mean " five," and 
the following table will shew how it ranges with other 
Aryan forms for that numeral : — 
Sanskrit. . .pancan 
Persian... pang 
Lithuanian. . penlci 



40 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

C king 

Armenian < . 

. c quinque 
{ quin- 
Gr&elic.xuig 
Etruscan... Mem 
Swedish,., fern 
Gothic... fimf 
Welsh... pump 

Greek j 77 ^ 6 

, I 7T6VT6 

Afghan... pinza 

Kiemz- thus means " fifty," = Sanskrit pancagat, = 
Persian pangah^ Afghan panzus,= Armenian yisovn, 
= Swedish f emtio, = Gaelic caogad, = Latin quinqna- 
(jinta, = Bohemian padesat. The termination of Memza- 
thrms would seemingly involve #A<r-, " three," = Sans- 
krit £ri, = Zend £/w% = Armenian er and erefchj, = 
Afghan cKre : and -m- in -thrms might be the sign of 
the ordinal, as in the Latin pri-m^s and the Lithuanian 
pir-mas, "fir-st," which Bopp compares with the 
Sanskrit para-ma, " exiraius, summus." The final s in 
hiemzathrms would then mark the genitive, and the 
whole word would signify " (anni) quinquagesimi 
tertii.-" If so, there are five Aryan characteristics in 
Mem-za-thr-m-s. 

The sibilants in -* and -z, " -ginta, -kovtcl" would 
indicate that the Etruscan language did not belong to 
the same Aryan family as the Greek and Latin, and 
that it was not Celtic or Teutonic. In the Etruscan 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 41 

-5 or -2, the n of the Armenian -sovn or san, " -ginta," 
is dropped, as it is in the Afghan -s or -s. There is 
the same omission in the Ossetic das, the Hindustani 
des, the Persian dah, and the Welsh deg, " ten/' which 
are all == Sanskrit dagan, Armenian iasn or tasan, 
Latin decern, Gothic taihun. This n is wanting also in 
the Sanskrit -gat and the Zend -gata, " -ginta ;" but an 
additional t suffix is introduced, as in Latin and Greek, 
of which the Etruscan and Armenian know nothing. 
The Old Slavonic has not only this t, but retains be- 
sides, like the Teutonic languages, the da of dagafnj 
in the Sanskrit -(da)qat, " -ginta. " Thus the Slavonic 
for " thirty" and "fifty" are tri-desjatj and pjatj-desjatj, 
which are very unlike the Etruscan tiers and hiem-z. 
The Lithuanian has trys-deszimtis and penkios-desz- 
imtis for " thirty" and cc fifty/' The Etruscan problem 
seems thus nearly reduced to a choice between the 
Sanskrit and the Armenian ; and if the Sanskrit could 
be got rid of, the Armenian would then be left alone. 
Another letter- change, which will be noticed later, 
may be able to do this. 

The last five epitaphs exhibit these forms :— 

avils Ms muvalchlfsj . 

avils his kealchfljs. 
. . avenke lupum avils (mjachs mealchls* 

avils machs semphalchlsf lupu. 



* In accordance with the other forms, I drop the final k here, 
which would probably belong to the following word. Such mis- 
takes are not uncommon. 

f Thus written in Fabretti's inscriptions, which the other 
forms shew to be right : in his vocabulary, semphachls. 



42 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

avils thunesi muvalchls lupu. 
" setatis obit." 

The age of the deceased is obviously given by the 
words in italics. What then is the meaning of -alchls 
or Iclils, which is found in all five of these numerals ? 
Or rather, what is the meaning of -lchl, for s may be 
the sign of the genitive or plural ? In all probability, 
-/c/Jis"-decim," or "-ginta," or "-genti." But it is not 
likely to be " -ginta," for tiers and hiem-z are " tri- 
ginta" and " quinqua-ginta." Nor would it be 
" -deeim," for machs semphalchU is shewn by the effigy 
on the tomb to be the age of an " old man/' who was 
certainly out of his teens, unless they were teens of 
lustres. Lchl would thus appear to be " -genti," = 
centum. Now the Latin centum and the Sanskrit gata 
are each 10 X 10, and= decem-decem-tum and dagan- 
dagan-ta. Lchl is probably a similar form, as may be 
intimated by the repetition of the I, and = Ich-lch, 
10 x 10. We have therefore to trace Ich, "ten." 

It is found first in the Lapponic lokke, " ten/' where 
we have also the form lohhad lohke, "'quod dicit decimum 
decern, hoc est centum" (Ihre) . The Lapponic lohh-et, 
" numerare, legere," shews that the fundamental idea 
in lohke, " ten/' is the same as in Se/ea, which is con- 
nected with SeUo), = dico, "\ey(o." In fact, lokke is 
" digit, number/' and is allied to the Lapponic suffix 
-lokk, " omnis, unusquisque/' from which we may pass 
to the Armenian loh, " solus, simplex/' and to the 
Tuschi -loghe or -Ighe, which forms ordinals out of 
cardinals, as in yethchloghe, "sixth/' from yethch, 
"six," and qhalghc, "third," from qho, "three. 



)> 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 43 

Lch, " ten," may also be explained from the 
Lithuanian -lika, " -leven, -teen," i.e. "ten," which 
would = the Polish lik, " number." It cannot thus be 
said that the Etruscan -Ichl, " -genti," is necessarily of 
Turanian origin; though, if it were so, it would not be 
surprising, as the Alpine lawine, "avalanche/' and 
kass, "glacier/' appear to be Turanian words, and 
the latter = Lapponic kaisse, " mons altior, plerumque 
nive tectus." Yet I think Ichl is most likely Turanian; 
for there were, as will be found, Turanian numerals in 
Etruscan, and the Aryan for " hundred" in Etruscan 
seems to be tesnsteis, a reduplication of tesne, " ten," 
= Armenian tasn. 

All now comes out easily. Me-a-lchls and muv-a- 
Ichls both signify " one-hundred" or " one-hundredth;" 
the Etruscan me- and mnv-, " one," corresponding to 
the two Armenian forms, mi and mov, " one," withme- 
in me-tasan, " eleven." The connecting vowel a, in 
me-a-lchls and muv-a-lchls, and in the other similar 
Etruscan forms, is the same as in Armenian, where we 
find mi-a-pet, " y^ov-apyo^ ;" mi-a-kin, " having only 
one wife ;" char-a-chayl, " quadruped ;" char-a-kerp, 
" quadriform." Ke-a-lchls is " five-hundred " or "five- 
hundredth ;" for it will soon be seen that "five" is ki, 
as well as kiem, in Etruscan. We have, too, the Ar- 
menian yi-sovn, "fifty," as well as King, "fi>e;" and 
we know that m is elided in Latin between two vowels, 
as in co-arguo, = cum-arguo. Finally, semph-a-lchls, 
if semph be right, is " seven-hundred," or " seven- 
hundredth ;" semph-, " seven," being = Latin septem, 



44 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Sanskrit saptan, Slavonic sedmj, Russian sem, Zend 
haptan, Armenian evthn, eothn, Greek eirrd. The 
Armenian evthn, " seven/' would explain the Albanian 
yave and the Rhseto-Romance evna, "week/' just as 
the Kurdish ahft, " seven/' explains the Kurdish 
ahftie, "week." The present Albanian word for 
"seven" is sta(te), from which yave could not be 
derived. The Armenian for "week'' is eothneak or 
eavthneaJc. 

The Etruscan " -genti" forms may throw some light 
on another question. The Aryans use three distinct 
words for " thousand." The Slavonian and Lithuanian 
terms are like the German toMsend, as the Armenian 
hazar is like the Sanskrit sahasra, and the Celtic mile 
and mil are like the Latin mille. The Etruscan mealchl } 
"one-hundred/' might lead us to explain mille as 
"one-thousand/' as if =mi-lch X Ich X Ich contracted ; 
and it is possible that %l\-iol might be " thousand/' = 
M% X M% X ^%)j as centum is (decende) centum. The 
forms of mil and ^iX- are like the Tuschi met, " quot/' 
which appears derived from me, " qui/' by the addition 
of t, " number/' = Lapponic lokke, == Etruscan Ich, 
=: Polish lih. "How many there are" = " what a 
number there are." 

Nothing remains for explanation but machs, thunesi, 
and Ms. Now machs semphalchls, as is known by the 
effigy, is the age of an "old man/' who might have 
lived nearly sixty years, or about " seven-hundred 
months." Machs would thus be the genitive or plural 
of mach, " a month/' == Sanskrit mds, " moon/' — 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 45 

Persian malt, = Armenian mah-ih (a diminutive in ih), 
" the crescent moon." The letter-change in the Etrus- 
can much, from the Sanskrit sibilant to the Aric 
aspirate, should not be overlooked ; but in the Ar- 
menian amis, "month," it is not observed. Finally, 
as ril is "year," and mach is " month/' thunesi (p. 42) 
would be " days," or "day's," and is explained by the 
Armenian tovngean, which is used as the genitive of 
tiv, "a day," and might be the proper genitive of 
tovnig, as teslean is of tesil. Lars (2335 a) would be 
an infant who only reached the age of a hundred days, 
while Ramtha (2340), who is described as pniam, 
" filiam," would be a girl of a hundred months old, or 
in her ninth year when she died. I have not dis- 
tinguished the two Etruscan characters for s, one of 
which, that in thunesi, is supposed to correspond to the 
English sh, which is nearly the Armenian g. 

The Etruscan thvnes(i) and the Armenian tovnig sup- 

pear to be composed of the Armenian tov(oy), the 

genitive of tiv, "a day," — a word which may be allied 

, to thiv, gen. thovoy, " number, year, epoch," — and of 

the Armenian wis, gen. nsi, i.e. nesi, " sign, mark," = 

Hebrew nes. The Armenian combines nis with the 

, pronouns, ays, ayn, " this, that," in the expressions, 

i ays nis, ayn nis, " such a one, 6 Selva ;'' both being 

forms similar to the Etruscan tJtu-nesi, " diei," and to 

what would be a genuine Armenian word, tov-negi, 

with the same signification. And let it be remembered 

that it is not from the resemblance of the Etruscan 

thu-nesi to the Armenian tov-negi that it is interpreted 



46 THE ASTATIC AFFINITIES OF 

€t diei." It is from independent argument, not from 
similarity of sound, that leine, lupu, avil, ril, mach, 
and thanes, are concluded to mean respectively, 
" lives," " dies," tf age," " year," " month," and 
" day," the six terms which we find in Latin epitaphs 
where the age of the deceased is given. 

Niebuhr noticed that on two occasions the Etruscans 
made truce with the Romans, once for twenty , and the 
other time for forty years ; but yet were again at war 
with them, and apparently without breaking truce, at 
the end of eighteen and thirty-six years respectively. 
Niebuhr explains this by saying that the Etruscan year 
would have contained only ten months. No doubt the 
explanation is correct, and the truces would have been 
made for two-hundred and four-hundred months. This 
shews how the Etruscans were in the habit of reckoning 
by periods of one-hundred months, each of which periods 
would have been a kind of double lustre, just as the 
Latin has bilustris for a period of ten years. Of course 
such periods could only have been used in epitaphs 
when the age of the deceased happened to be nearly 
bilustral ; and this may explain why, in the case of two 
members of one family (ante, p. 37, epit. 2070, 2071), 
the age of one of them is defined by the words, avils 
kiemzathrms lupu, and that of the other by the words, 
avils machs semphalchls lupu. Larth Churchles lived 
fifty-three years, ril being understood; and Arnth 
Churkles seven-hundred months, or about fifty-eight 
years. But perhaps one-hundred months = eight years.* 
* An Etruscan week was eight days (Niebuhr). 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 47 

Kis may be explained in two different manners. 
When his muvalchls and his healchls are compared with 
macks mealchls and machs semphalchls {ante, p. 41), it 
might be inferred that his = machs, and therefore that 
hi means " month." If so, we have another Turanian 
word; for "moon, month," is Ten in Esthonian, and 
huu in Fin ; while in Georgian " moon, month," is thve, 
and in Tuschi "white" is hui : all terms probably akin 
ultimately to the Sanskrit gve(ta), " ' whi(te)."* Other- 
wise, as there is no equivalent for lupu, " dies," or 
avenhe lupum, " leaves a corpse," in the two epitaphs 
which contain his (p. 41), that word might be explained 
from the Armenian ges, gen. gisi, " a corpse -" and 
macks, ec months," would be understood, like ril, 
"years," elsewhere. At any rate, hisum would be 
rendered "veicpov" in 2340 (ante, p. 37), where it is in 
apposition to Bamthn. The beginning of that epitaph 
would m ean : Ramtk am Matu luce pro lem, Marci Matu Ince 
filiam,, Amy cus a Sethre Ocesennia veicpov sepelit. So, 
too, in the first line of another epitaph (Fabretti 2339) 
we read :— 

Larth Keisinis Velus klan hizi zilachnhe — 
where hizi zilachnhe would be rendered " dies (and) is 
buried," or " (being) dead is buried/' or " is buried 
with the dead ;" according as we make hizi an Ar- 
menian verb like lini (ante, p. 29), or a noun like ovti, 
" a way/' or a noun like ges, " a corpse." Very pro- 
bably, his and hisum, are unconnected in sense. 

* Mouna Kea in Hawaii is the " White Mountain." It is the 
Mont Blanc of the Sandwich Islands. 



48 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

I now turn to notice the doubtful inscription, avils 
sesphs lupuke, where the sesphs of the inscription is 
given as semplis in Fabretti's vocabulary, and there 
interpreted " seventy/' after the analogy of semph, 
" seven/' in that form which he gives as semph-alchls 
in his inscriptions, and as semph-achls in his vocabu- 
lary. There are thus, in Fabretti, three to one in 
favour of semph, " seven/' as against sesph, which 
would have to be referred to the Basque zazpi, " seven." 
Now, as tiers would be "thirty," semphs or sesphs 
would rightly be " seventy/' if semph or sesph be 
" seven." But there is one objection to the interpret- 
ation. The epitaph, avils sesphs lupuhe or avils semphs 
lupuke, is annexed to the figure of a young man 
(giovane), which would seem from the description of 
the tomb to represent the deceased, though it may 
not do so. If it does, as the Etruscan ph and th 
nearly resemble each other, the true reading might 
possibly be sesths or semths (for semphths), " sixteen" 
or "seventeen." In this case, -ths would = Welsh 
-theg, Sanskrit -dagan, Armenian -tasan; the final 
-an being dropped in -ths, just as in the change from 
the Armenian -sovn or -san, "-ginta," to da3^Etruscan 
-.9. On the whole, I should think Fabretti's vocabu- 
lary and interpretation most likely to be right as to 
this doubtful word, and that we ought to read semphs, 
"seventy," rather than anything else. But it is not a 
word that can be much relied on.* 

* The Etruscan m and s (sh) are liable to be confounded. In 
the same epitaph, Arnthialum should probably be Arnthialus. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 49 

The Perugiah Inscription, which appears to be a 
conveyance of land for a burying-ground, may help us 
to arrive at some other Etruscan numerals. We find 
there, in two different parts : — 

, ,c/iiemfusle 

and also — — sleletMara 

tezanfnsleri tesnsteis 

rasnes... 

As chiem seems probably = hiem, "five," Jcamdezan 
may be a number; and if so, would apparently be 
" fourteen/' = Sanskrit caturdaqan, = Armenian corech- 
tasan : but in c/mra-sovn, " forty," the Armenian 
approaches more nearly to the first part of karu-tez&n. 
The second extract above concludes with — 

tesnsteis 
rasnes 
and we have besides — tesne eka velthinathurasth 
auraheluifesfterasnekei 
tesnsteis rasneschimthsrj 
Here rasne would not improbably be the Persian 
rasan, Armenian arasan, "a cord," Sanskrit rasand, 
" a girdle," and might mean " fathom." Cf. <T%olvos ; 
also Gerrm^Mafiery "cord, fathom," faden, "thread, 
fathom ." Fusle may have been some larger measure 
than rasne. As we may possibly have sesths, "six- 
teen," elsewhere, chimths might be " fifteen ;" though 
this seems inconsistent with karutezan, "fourteen," 
and is open to other objections. But there would be 
less reason for doubting that tesne is "ten," = Arme- 
nian tasn,— Sanskrit and Zend dagan; and if it be, then 

£ 



50 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

tesnsteis would probably be "ten tens," or "a hundred;" . 
a formation like Ichl, excepting that tesns-, "tens," 
has the sign of the plural. The Armenian tasn is 
declined, the genitive being tasin, and the instru- 
mental tasamb. The Sanskrit gata, "hundred," would 
be formed from daca(n)-daca(n)-ta by a process very 
different from that employed in the formation of 
tesnsteis. The Armenian for " a hundred" is harivr, 
which is an entirely different word. 

Kiem, sets, semph, and tesne, have been interpreted 
" five," " six," " seven/" and " ten," bj^ others before 
myself, as may be seen in Fabretti's index. I now 
come to something more remarkable than the exist- 
ence of Aryan numerals in Etruscan ; a fact which 
would have been expected in a language that is plainly 
Aryan. There are numerals in Etruscan which are not 
Aryan, as Ichls has perhaps intimated already. This 
important discovery connects itself with what I said 
in my first chapter. I there noticed that there were 
in ancient times Iberians, Ligyes, and Tuscans, not 
only along the Mediterranean from Gibraltar to the 
Tiber, but likewise all three in the Caucasian regions : 
also that there are now Toscans in Albania, and TuscJii 
in the Caucasus; and that the Tuschi word law, "snow," 
explains the lawine of the Alps. It appears too from 
Livy (x. 4) that there was a difference between the 
town and country speech in Etruria. Now on a pair 
of Etruscan dice (Pabretti, 2552) the first six numbers 
are given in words : and by comparing the relative 
positions of these words with the relative positions, on 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 51 

a quantity of other ancient dice, of the same numbers 
expressed by points, Campanari has determined their 
value to be as follows : — 

I II III IV v VI. 

mach thu zal huth hi sa* 
Here mach is Aryan, and may be compared with 
the Armenian miak, " unique, one." Thu and sa are 
Aryan, though not exclusively, as they are like the 
Circassian tu and the Basque sei. The Irish for "six" 
is se. Zal, (C three," is not Aryan. Huth is not Aryan, 

* I do not know whether any exceptions will be taken to my 
interpretations of machs, Ms, and thunesi (ante, p. 41), because 
mach, lei, and thu are here found to be Etruscan numerals. But, 
if machs and Ms be there interpreted as " first" and " fifth," we 
should then have to understand ril, "year," and therefore to 
interpret mealchls and muvalchls as "tenth/" Jcealchls as "fiftieth/ 5 
and semphalchls as "seventieth." This seems to me improbable : 
and even if it were allowable to interpret muvalchls as " tenth," 
what are we to make of thunesi in avils thunesi muvalchls lupu, 

"Eetatis (anni for anno) (et) decimi obit ?" Thunesi ought to 

be the genitive of a number, as well as machs and Ms, and would 
therefore have to signify "eight" or "nine," as all the other 
numeral places are occupied. Now thu is " two" in Etruscan, and 
there are languages, of which the Hungarian is one, where "eight" 
= 4 x 2 ; so that thu-nesi or thu-nes might be " eight," if nesi or 
nes were " four" : and " four" is negy in Hungarian, and net in 
Ostiak, two Finnish dialects. Indeed, " eight" in Ostiak is nida, 
which would = net-da, 4x2. It is thus possible for thu-nesi to be 
"eight." But, if muva4c7*i-s be "ten," the second I would be 
non-radical, as Ich, according to analogy, would mean " ten" by 
itself. Yet this might not be impossible, as the t termination 
in the Classical, Zend, and Sanskrit " -ginta" and " -genti" forms 
is non-radical too, and the t termination of the Sanskrit par- 
ticiple becomes, as will appear later, an I termination in Arme- 
nian and Etruscan. Or lch-Z might be "ten-/7t," as qk&-lghe is 
"thir-d" in Tuschi (ante, p. 42). 





J 


ii 


Circassian 


. se 


hi 


Tuschi 


,zha 


si 


Georgian . . 


.erthi 


ori 


Lazic 


.ar 


zur 


Etruscan .. 


.mach 


thn 



IV 


V 


VI. 


ptVe 


tfchu 


chi. 


dhew 


phchi 


yethch. 


otKkhi 


Jchuthi 


ekhvsi. 


otkh 


khut 


as. 


huth 


M 


sa. 



DZ THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

and both huth and Tci seem Caucasian. This may 
appear by comparing these six Etruscan numerals with 
the same numerals in Circassian, Tuschi, Georgian, 
and Lazic : — 

in 

si 

qho 

sami 

gum 

zal 

In th-khu-meii, "fifteen/' the Georgian khuthi, "five" 
is contracted to khu* The Etruscan hi, "five/' might 
be obtained from the Georgian kh(uth)i, or the Tuschi 
[ph)chi; or nearly from the Circassian (t')chu; or 
from the Lesgi chewa and yku, which mean " five" in 
two different dialects; or from the Abkhasian chu(ba), 
" five/' where ba is a suffix for all numerals from two 
to ten, so that chu would be the number " five." The 
Etruscan huth, "four/' would probably not be the 
oth of the Georgian othkhi, "four/ 5 but would be re- 
lated to the Georgian khuthi, " five/' and the Lazic 
khut, nearly as the Georgian o-thkhi, "four," and the 
Tuschi ye-thch, " six," are to the Circassian Vchu, 
"five." Eor the Georgian -thkhi in o-thkhi, and the 
Tuschi -thch in ye-thch, are both apparently = Cir- 
cassian i chu, "five," while the Tuschi ye in ye-thch, 
and the Georgian o in o -thkhi, may both be explained 
from the Ossetic yu, yen, or yeue, " one." That is to 

* Th- is "ten/' and -rneti is like the Ostiak ordinal sign -met. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 53 

say, the Georgian o-thkhi, "four/' is " one from five/' 
iv ; and the Tuschi ye-thch, " six/' is " one to five/' 
vi. So, in the Georgian ekh-vsi, " six," -vsi would 
probably = Fin wiisi, "five," while ekh- is "one," 
= Sanskrit eka, == Persian 7/&Z;_, = Abkhasian afra, 
= Hungarian egy, === Fin ?/&, which becomes t/7?<- in 
yh-deksa, "nine," i. e. "one from ten," ix. If now the 
ekh-, " one," of the Georgian ekh-vsi, " six," be pre- 
fixed to the Georgian khuthi, " five," we could obtain 
for " one from five," iv, the form ekh-khuthi, which 
might be changed, by incorporation and contraction, 
into the Etruscan huth, " four/' in which a %, imply- 
ing " one," is lost at the beginning of the word, as it 
would really be also in the Etruscan sa, "six," as 
well as in the Sanskrit sas. The following tabular 
view may present the argument more clearly : — 



Etruscan .. 


-.(%)— 


-sa, 


vi (= one + five). 


Abkhasian 


... 


sva, 


x (= fives). 


Ossetic 


....ach — 


• saz, 


vi (= one +five*). 


Zend 


...M 


-svas, 


VI. 


Sanskrit .. 


( eka, . 

. . . aka, . 

f yu 


-sas, 


VI. 
.. I. 


Abkhasian 




..I. 






. . I. 


Ossetic 


i y w, . . • , 

* ( yen, . 




.. I. 


Circassian 


Vcliu, 


V. 


Tuschi..... 


....ye 


- tlich, 


VI. 



# That saz, etc., probably = " five/' will be shewn in the last 
chapter. The true value is seen in the Basiiui zazpi, "seven," 
where -pi = bi s " two." 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



Georgian . 



Lazic 



Etruscan ,. 

Lesgi — 
Circassian 
Tuschi — 
Abkliasian 
Circassian 



r 

|(x)- 



(%)- 
(%)- 



- thhhi, iv. 
hhuthi, v. 

- tick, IV. 
Mint, v. 

—hath, iv. 
hi, v. 

chew a, v. 
-chi, vi. 

phchi,* v. 
-jphsi, iv. 
jpse, x ( = fives). 



It will be perceived from the forms at tlie head of 
this table how a guttural aspirate is lost before s. 
But such an aspirate would be still more likely to be 
lost when it preceded another aspirate, as in that 
case the fusion of the two aspirates into one would be 
almost sure to take place. And so, by the loss of the 
prefixed aspirate implying I, the Etruscan hath, iv, 
may = the Georgian hhuthi and the Lazic hhat, v, 
nearly as the Abkliasian phsi, iv, = Tuschi phchi, v, 
and as the Circassian chi, vi, = Etruscan hi, v. As 
Octavias is written JJhtave in Etruscan, the Etruscan 
h would be guttural, like the Hebrew cheth which it 
represents. The explanation of the Etruscan zed, 
" three," must be reserved to the fifth chapter, where 
the subject of numerals can be more fully discussed : 
at present I can only exhibit it in connexion with 
some other numerals for " three," to which it appears 
wholly or partially allied : — 



# Cf. Georgian johekhi, S( foot." 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 55 



._.. ., f Fin ho-lmi 

Finnish A . . . • 

( byname Icu-jm* 



" three" = 



( Lazic ffu-m 

Caucasian ... < Mingrelian ...su-mi I "2 from 5," 

\ Georgian sa-mi n y # 

Etruscan za-l 

Javanese td-lu 

Another representative of " five/' I or l-m, is intro- 
duced here, and may also be found in the Circassian 
pt-l'e, iv, and Fie, vn.f Such terms for " five," as 
will be shewn in the sequel, are all different words 
for " hand" or " foot" : the Cornish lau, the Gaelic 
lamh, the Turkish el, and the Malay lima, all signify 
"hand." It is rather strange that the Etruscans should 
have used two languages for the numbers on their 
dice : but we do something of the same kind in England, 
as we usually employ French names for the numbers 
on dice, but sometimes English ; while in the case of 
cards we begin with French, but soon pass into English. 
If the language of the Rasenae be represented by 
Anglo-French, and that of the Pelasgians by English, 
then the six numbers on the Etruscan dice would be : 
ace, deuce (or two), three, four, five, six. 8a might be 
sice, but I think it more likely to be six, as sas would 
be the Etruscan representative of sice. Yet, as sa is 



* In speaking", we drop I before m in holm, and in halm y calm, 
psalm: but we retain it in elm, helm, and whelm, and also in film. 

f In Basque, bat is i, hi is n, and lau is iv, perhaps rightly v. 
If so, the two Circassian forms are easily explained from the 
Basque, as "one from five," and " two to five." 



Ob THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

" six" sas might be " sixty" in Etruscan, if we had 
not avils tiers sas as well as avils sets. But how 
would the Etruscans have expressed " sixty/' which, 
if sas were "six" ought according to analogy to be 
scts-s or sas-z ? The Armenian gets over the difficulty 
by changing z into th. Thus "six" is wez; " sixteen/' 
westasan ; and " sixty," wathsovn* 

I have spoken of the Etruscan numerals, zal, huth, 
hij and sa, as being Pelasgian. Now that there were 
Pelasgians in Etruria is so commonly known that one 
quotation will suffice. The writer who is called Scymnus 
Chius says : — 

M.era ttjv AcyoartKrjv UeXaajol 8' elalv, oi 
Ylporepov KaroacrjaavTes etc t% c E\\aSo9, 
K.OLvr]v Be TvppTjvoLat, %copav vefiojuevoL. 
To what element in the population of Etruria, unless 
to the Pelasgians, can we attribute the numerals in 
question ? We know the Umbrian language to be an 
Aryan dialect resembling the Latin, and we meet con- 
tinually with tre and tref, " three/' in the Eugubine 
Tables. The Tyrrhenians, again, as distinguished above 
from the Pelasgians, are there derived, according to 
the common tradition, from Lydia, and would have 
spoken that Aryan language of the Armenian type 
which we have found predominant in Etruria. The 
conclusion seems almost inevitable. We learn from 
Herodotus that the Pelasgians whom he knew spoke a 
barbarous dialect. It would now appear that it was 
not even Aryan; although, if the numerals in question 
be considered as Caucasian, and the origin of the 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 57 

Etruscans from Armenia be admitted, it might be 
urged as possible that the Etruscans borrowed them 
when there from the Caucasians, who would have 
possessed Armenia before the Aryans came thither 
out of Media. I should, however, for my own part, 
entirely reject such a solution, especially as the numerals 
are not the only indication of the presence of Caucasians 
in the South of Europe. 

The following list will comprise such numerals as 
have been detected in Etruscan : — 
i. mack, me-, muv- 
II. thu 
in. zal, tlir- 
IV. huthj har- (?) 
v. hi, he-, Idem-, chiem (?) 
vi. sa, sas 
vn. se(m)ph 

x. tesne 
xiv. harutezan (?) 
xv. chimths (?) 
xxx. ti(e)rs. 
L. hiemz- 
liii. hiemzathr- 
lxx, se(m)phs (?) 

c. tesnsteis, mealchl, muvalchl 

d. healcJil 

DCC. se(m)phalcld 
We see here an Aryan language which contains some 
Turanian words, as dozen and century are contained in 
the English language. The explanation has just been 



58 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



suggested. The Basence, or Tyrrhenians of Etruria, 
were Aryans of the Thracian stock, while the Tuscans, 
who were the Pelasgians or' "Aborigines" (ante, p. 11) 
of the country, were Turanians, and probably Cau- 
casians. It seems likely, however, that the blood of 
the Etruscans, and of the Thracians in general, was 
more Turanian than their language, as the primitive 
Caucasian population on which they intruded would 
have been incorporated with them into one people. 
The language of the Etruscan nobles may have been at 
first Thracian, with some Caucasian accretions acquired 
on the way from Armenia to Etruria, while the lan- 
guage of the Tuscan commonalty may have been 
Caucasian, perhaps with a little Umbrian also. The 
languages would probably in time have coalesced, as 
Anglo-Saxon, Danish, and Norman-French did into 
English ; but in Etruria it was the language of the 
aristocracy which prevailed. The Etruscan language 
is Thracian, while the English is German.* 

* Mr. Fergusson has inferred, on architectural and other grounds 
distinct from language, the Turanian character of the Pelasgians 
and Etruscans. I must come over to his opinion, as far as the 
Pelasgians are concerned. When I extended the Caucasians into 
Europe nine years ago, it was not among them, but among the 
Thracians, that I was inclined to include the Pelasgians. One 
result of the Thracian invasion of Europe by the Hellespont and 
the Bosphorus would probably have been a concentration of Pe- 
lasgians in Greece. To this predominant Pelasgian or Caucasian 
element in their blood the Greeks may have been greatly in- 
debted for their beauty of form : nor would that form have under- 
gone much alteration from what it was at first, if the Thracian 
element in the Greek population consisted principally of maritime 
settlers, Leleges, from Asia Minor, and the Italian element of 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 



59 



In the epitaphs which gave us the Etruscan 
.numerals, we met with klan,puiam, and sech, words all 
indicating parentage or descent. Klan, which corre- 
sponds to natus in a bilingual inscription, seems con- 
nected with the Gaelic clann, " offspring, descendants" ; 
the Welsh plan, "a scion," and plant, "a son ;" the 
Latin plant a; and the Greek /c\a?, icKdSos, k\cov, 
Kkdw, <j>Xd(o, rXdo, ; words which may be allied to the 
Armenian khl-el, "to tear away, to root up (deplanter) ," 
as glan, the Armenian for " cylinder," is derived from 
gl-el, "to roll." But another interpretation is given 
by K. O. Muller {Die Etrusker, vol. i, p. 446). He 
compares the two inscriptions on the same monument : 
La. Venete La. Lethial* etera 
Se. Venete La. Lethial klan 
and observes : " If etera be taken to mean ' other, 
second/ klan must be 'first, firstborn.'" Etera is thus 
' compared with the Greek erepo?, = Armenian Star. Dr. 
Donaldson argues in the same manner (Varronianus, p. 



maritime settlers, Hellenes, from Messapia and its neighbourhood. 
In blood, though not in language, the Greeks and Lycians may 
have been very nearly allied, like the people of Cornwall and 
Brittany. Gauls have become French in like manner. 

Of the Etruscan words mentioned by ancient writers, one is 
apparently Turanian. This word is damnus, "ftnros," which seems 
allied to the Lapponic tamp, "equus," the Fin tamma, "equa, 
the Armenian zambik, "equa, jumeni," the Basque samaria, «ju- 
mentum vectorium, eaballeria," the Albanian samaras, "junien- 
tum" the Pehlvi djemna, "camel," and the Mantschu temen, 
" camel " The Armenian has taken up some Turanian words. 

* Lethe, a man's name, and Lethi, a woman's name, are m 
Fabretti (1<>39). 






CO 



THE ASTATIC AFFINITIES OF 



171): "If then etera means, as is most probable, the 
second of a family, Man must mean Hie first or head of 
the family." This might bring us to the Armenian gbvkh 
(= Polish gtowa), "head, summit, the first rank;" 
gVchan zovkn, "chub" (lit. "head-fish"); glkhani, "the 
chief persons in a city, the nobility." As there exists 
rain by the side of regen, and wain by the side of 
waggon and wacjen, the aspirate kh might be dropped 
in glkhan. 

Another group of words is presented by the following 
epitaphs in Lanzi : — 

191. mi K&\a,iru fuius 
315. Lth. Marikane via 

310. Larthi Vetus Klaukes puia 

311. Arnth Vipis Serturis puiak . . . . 
123. Anes Kaes puil (t)hui . . . . 

The Latin films and the Greek vio<s would be allied to 
these terms, and also the Gaelic fuil « blood, family, 
tribe, kindred." In Finnish dialects we find the Hun- 
garian fiu, " son," the Syrianic pi, " son," and the 
Esthonian poia, " son." The Wallachian is very com- 
plete here ; for it gives us puiu, " what is young," fiiu, 
" son ,"fia, " daughter," sm&fiika, « Ovydrpcov, tochter- 
lein." I find no such words in Armenian. The next 
expression appears to be both Finnish and Armenian : 

63. Larthia Kaia Huzetnas Arnthalisa Kafatl sak 

37. Titi Velimnias Akril sek 
471. Ramthn Matulnei sech .... 
Lapponic sakko, "proles." Armenian zag-il, "to be 
born or derived;" zag-el, "to produce young;" zag, 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 61 

:c a young bird (z/eocrcro?)/' = Albanian zok. The Ar- 
menian zag and the Albanian zok mean also " a small 
bird/' and are both employed to render " sparrow'' 
(Luke x, (5). 

The next expressions are of peculiar interest on 
account of the monuments where they are found, as 
they occur in the celebrated " valley of tombs" at 
Castel d'Asso, as well as at Norchia and Toscanella, 
and elsewhere. But their philological importance is of 
a still higher character, as they seem to dispose of the 
claims of the Sanskrit to include the Etruscan in its 
own peculiar division of the Aryan languages, while 
the claims of the Armenian stand the test, and are 
confirmed by the Etruscan forms. One of these forms 
is eka sntJii (accompanied by a proper name in the 
nominative) ; an expression which Migiiarini con- 
jectures to mean "hie situs est/' or " questa e la 
tomba/ 5 and which must, indeed, have some similar 
signification. The other form is eka suthi nesl ; and 
one example of it is eka suthi nesl Tetnie, which I 
should render, "here is buried the dead Titinia, hie 
eonditur mortua (necata) Titinia;" considering eka 
suthi nesl to be now represented in Armenian by aha 
sovzani nekheal, " ecce sese condit putrefactus/' which 
does not, however, exhibit the affinity which the Ar- 
menian bears to the Etruscan so clearly as it may be 
brought out by further consideration. 

The letter-changes in different Aryan languages 
should be noticed here. Now we have in the first 
place — Sanskrit hrid = English heart = German herz 



G2 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

== Greek xap8- = Latin cord- = Gaelic cridhe = 
Welsh craidd = Armenian sirt = Lithuanian szird- = 
Polish serce ; and in the next place — Sanskrit gvan = 
English hound = German hund = Greek /cuz/- = Latin 
can- = Gaelic ct& = Welsh ci = Armenian som =J 
Lithuanian szim-.* From this it may be seen that, 
while German languages retain the Sanskrit h, and 
convert the Sanskrit g into h } and while Celtic and 
Classical languages convert both into h 3 = c, (and 
sometimes into g), Thracian and Sarmatian languages 
represent both by sibilants. Now let us apply this 
principle to deal with the roots of — 
suth-i nes-l 

" cond-itur nec-atus." 
If these two Etruscan words are rightly translated into 
Latin (supposing necatus = mortuus), then the following 
comparisons will shew, by the aid of the letter-changes, 
that the roots of the Etruscan and Latin are the same 
in both words, and that the Etruscan is like the Ar- 
menian in all respects. For we should have : — 

c , . , f hud. " coacervare, submergi/ 
banskrit-< L \ « „ ° 

( hund, coacervare. 

J Welsh . . .cudd-, cc to hide." craidd 

\ Latin ...cond-, cc to hide, to bury." cord- 

{Lithuanian .szut-, " acervus." szird- 

Armenian . sovz-, " to hide, to submerge." sirt 

Etruscan . . suth-, " to bury." 



# Botticher defines the Aric, or Thracian and Persian lan- 
guages, as differing from Indian, German, and Latin, by using h 
for 8 S z for h, and s for q . 



Cf. hrid 



TEE OLD ITALIANS. 63 

Sanskrit. nag, "perire, mori." Cf. dag-sm., "ten.* 5 

$ Latin . nee-, " kill." • dec-em. 

{ Greek. vex-, " die." Se/c-a. 

( Armenian. nas, " a coffin." tas-n. 

\ Etruscan . nes, " die." tes-ne. 

Anglo-Saxon. na,ne," corpse." ty-®-, ec zeh-n." 

Similar letter-changes occur in the Sanskrit spag, 
"perficere," = Armenian spas, "function, service/' 
jgpas-el, " to serve, to observe, to watch (Spier)"} 
= Latin spec-, = German spali-en, = English spy. 
The Armenian nekh-, " putrescere," found above in 
nekh-eal, "putrefactus," would not represent the Sans- 
krit nag, " mori," so much as the cognate Sanskrit 
nalzk, " necare, destruere." There is a corresponding 
pair of forms in the Armenian dovstr and dohht, "daugh- 
ter," = Sanskrit duhitri, Zend duglidar, Persian dokh- 
ter, dohht, Lithuanian diikte, Slavonic dilsti. The ter- 
mination of the Etruscan nes-l, = Latin nec-atus, is 
found in the Armenian nekh-eal. The Slavonic re- 
sembles the Armenian in having the Sanskrit and 
Latin t of the preterite participle converted into the 
weaker I; but the Lithuanian retains the t unchanged. 
Some Indian dialects exhibit I in the place of t, like 
the Armenian and Slavonic. In the preterite participle 
of the Sanskrit nag, the g becomes s; and nasta, 
"perditus," = Etruscan nesl, "mortuus," which re- 
sembles closely in form the Slavonic nes-V, "having 
borne." 

We have considered the roots of the Etruscan suth-i 
nes-l, as well as the form of nes-l, and have found 



64 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

tliem all three in the Armenian language. It only 
remains to notice the form of suth-i, " conditur." 
Now the general characteristic of the Armenian passive 
is /, which is equivalent to that of the Sanskrit passive, 
ya. Thus, in Armenian, "he loves" is sir-3, while 
"he is loved' 5 is sir-i, which is just the form of suth-i. 
The corresponding Sanskrit form would be -yate ; the 
Etruscan and Armenian converting the Sanskrit ya 
into i, and dropping the t of the third person, with 
the vowel that follows it. In the aorist, however, the 
Armenian employs the a, not the y(i) of the Sanskrit 
ya, to form the passive: thus sirez-i is "I loved," 
and sirez-ay is " I was loved." Compare tlOt^^l and 
Tt0€fjL-at, tvttt€{t)-i and TVTTTer-ai* 

The Ehaato-Romance sali/pp, " locust," = Sanskrit 
galabha, "locust," = Armenian sat ap, "gliding, quick," 
implies that the ancient Ehsetian was like the Arme- 
nian and Etruscan in one of its letter-changes. The 
Greek and Latin give JceU for the Sanskrit gal, "run." 
The Khseto-Eomance as-oula, "kid" (ante, p. 7), if 

* The characteristic of the Latin passive, r, is Celtic. Thus we 
find in Zeuss (Grammatica Celtica) these Irish forms:— predch-idir, 
"■predic-&t\iY" — consuidig-ther, "compon-itur" — tuc-atar, "intellig- 
untur" — tomn-ib-ther, ( ' cogit-ab-itur" — and prom-f-idir, " prob-ab- 
itur." In the last two examples, the characteristic b of the Latin 
future appears also, as again in the Irish car-tt&, " am abo," and 
the rest of the persons : cair-/e, cair-/ecfc, car -/am, caHr-fid, CELV-fat. 
In the Welsh par-ass^i, "effeeerit," and agysg-assei, "dormiverit," 
we meet with forms similar to sun-asset : and in chlyw-yssynt, 
" Sbud-ivissent, aM&-issent" the Latin form with the root of kXv-v, 
in-cly-tus, and cZi-ens. The oldest Celtic writings, from which 
forms like these are taken, reach back about as far as 800 a.d. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. * 65 

allied to aly- and the Armenian ayz, would mark a 
similar peculiarity. 

If the Etruscan suth- = Sanskrit hud, " coacervare, 
submergi," = Armenian sovz-, "hide, submerge/' 
then the Aryan family to which the Etruscan belongs 
would not be Sanskrit, but Armenian, as it is between 
these two families that our choice would lie. Yet, as 
the question seems to be reduced to this point, it may 
be as well to notice another distinction between the 
Sanskrit on one side, and the Armenian and the 
Etruscan on the other. The Sanskrit names for a 
town are pur a, nagara, and pattana, the -poor, -nag ore, 
and -patam of our present India. But Etruria exhibits 
none of these names (though pattana resembles the 
Venetian Patavium), while the corresponding Arme- 
nian term, sen, gen. sini, does appear there, and may 
indeed serve to trace the Etruscan route from the 
supposed " Primeval Country" of the Aryans at the 
sources of the Oxus and the Jaxartes, up to the Po 
and the Tiber. The following names, which are all 
taken from one author, Ptolemy, may be sufficient to 
exemplify this ; and it will be observed that even the 
Armenian vowel-change from sen, " village, habita- 
tion," to its genitive sini, and sin-el, "to build," is 
not without significance :— 

Among "the mountain-towns of the Sogdians along 
the Jaxartes" is — 

Xo\/3r)-<T(va* Sogdiana. 

* Ptolemy mentions two Armenian towns called XoAova, and 
another called XoKov-dra. Cf. Armenian holow, " a round/' 



Gi3 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Siva or iLtjva Margiana. 

Sivd/ca* Hyrcania. 

Sava'k Media. 

^dva ) A 

v / ^ Armenia. 

Zlvis ) 

Savk Phrygia. 

'OTTi-atva or ^OirUariva^ Thrace. 

%evia Illyria. 

Kai-aatva% Cisalpine Gaul. 

A , . M [ Etruria. 

Uvo\-(TLVLOV ) 

Fel-sina, the Etruscan name of Bononia (Bologna), 
and Sar-sma-, may be added from other authorities. 
The Lithuanian here touches the Thracian again ; for 
in Lithuanian sena means " wall/'' and senys, " build- 
ing.^ The root is also used in Georgian, and Sinope 
looks as if it were the Georgian senoba, " building." 
Cf. iifipfa (ante, p. 21). 

Pliny writes, (H. N. } vi. 31) : " Oritur (Tigris) in 
regione Armenise majoris, fonte conspicuo in planitie. 
Loco nomen Elegosine est." This is a compound 
name like Volsinhim, Felsina, and tfarsina. The an- 
cients mention two places in Armenia called Elegia, 
and one in Noricum called Elegium. Pliny writes 
again (xvi. 66) : " Est et obliqua arundo . . . vocatur a 
quibusdam elegia" One could wish that he had named 



# Armenian diminutives are formed in -ah. 
f Compare bir- with the Armenian oph, " trench." 
X Cf. Armenian kay, = Sanskrit kaya, " dooms." 
§ Sena, now Siena. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 67 

these quidam, for elegia would be the Armenian etegn, 
"a reed/' which appears again in the Phrygian eXvfios, 
" avXos,"* as well as in the Greek eXeyos, a word 
probably borrowed by the Ionians from the Lydians. 
It is said on the Arundel Marble .: r/ Tayvi$ 6 <J>pu£ 
avXov? 7rpcoro? rjvpev; and by Pausanias (x. 7) : 'EXeyeia 
teal Oprfvoi TTpocraSo/Jieva to?9 avXois. 

One use that the Armenians made of reeds was, 
according to Xenophon, to suck up beer or barley- 
wine through them. This practice the Armenians had 
in common with the Phrygians and Thracians ; a fact 
mentioned in his History of Greece by Mr. Grote, who 
adds, with a just appreciation of national relationship: 
" The similarity of Armenian customs to those of the 
Thracians and Phrygians is not surprising." Ncenice, 
like iXeyeca, were sung to the flute, which is called in 
Armenian etegnaphot, "reed-trumpet." Thus Cicero 
says (De Leg., \\, 24) : " Cantus ad Ubicinem, cui 
nomen ncenice" Compare vnviarov or vcvr/aTos, " ^pvyiov 
yuiAo?/' on which word Botticher observes : " Ncenia 
Romanorum in inentem venit, et radix nu, 'laudare.'" 
This Sanskrit root is found in the Armenian nov-ag., 
" a song/' and nov-al, " to mew" ; while vrj- or nce- 
may be referred to the Persian nay, " flute/' — Sans- 
krit nada, " arundinis species/' = Armenian net, 
" sagitta/' i. e. " calamus." Thus ncenia seems the 
nay -mi, "flute- song/' just like eXeyos. The Armenian 
word for " lute/' win, is the Sanskrit vina, " lute" ; 

# Botticher's Arica, p. 34. 






08 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OE 

and the Armenian dinar, "lyre," is obviously the 
Greek Kivvpa and the Hebrew Mnnor. We may see by 
these instances what the comparison of languages 
has exhibited all along from the first (ante, p. 7), 
how Armenia was connected with India on one side, 
and still more closely with Asia Minor, Thrace, and 
Italy, on the other. 

In addition to Lorium (ante, p. 29), and Sena, 
Fehina, and Yolsinium, or Yolsinii, other Etruscan 
names of towns may be explained from the Armenian : — 
Veil, i(j> vtyrfkov aKoirekov, from weh, " high" — Void, 
oy v O\klov, from ovthh, "a ravine" — Hasta, from hast, 
" strong" — Blera, from blovr, " a hill," and blrak, " a 
hillock" — Aharna, from aJcarn, "a castle" — and Nepete, 
from Mount Npat (Niphates), and npatah, " object, 
mark." Compare cr/coirta and a/coireXo^. 

I return from this rather long digression, to complete 
the examination of Etruscan sepulchral forms of ex- 
pression. 

An Etruscan word for " tomb" appears to be tular. 
Tularu is found in the Perugian Inscription, and 
Lanzi supplies these four epitaphs : — 

457. hilar Easnal 

458. tular Hilar .... 

460. tular Svuriu Au. Papsinasl .... 

461. Tetvntertular. 

Tular may be interpreted " tumulus," and thus con- 
nected with the Greek tv\t], rvXapos, and the Gaelic 
tula, "hillock"; or else be explained from the Arme- 
nian that, "tellus," that el, "to bury," thatar, "an 



55 



» 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 69 

earthen vessel." Lanzi supposed hilar = to ollarium. 
No Etruscan phrase has yet been noticed which 
expresses the sentiment of the Greek (juveias x^? lv or 
fjLvrjfjL7]<; eveicev, or of our English "in memory of." 
But I believe that we have one in the following epi- 
taphs in Lanzi : — 

76. Thutnei thui 
80. Laris Vete thui 
313. Thui Larth Petrni Larthalisa. 
Thui might be interpreted "nominatur, memoratur," 
by the aid of these Armenian analogies : — 
thiv (gen. thovoy), "numerus." 
thovel, "numerare. 5 
thove, "numerat." 
thovi, "numeratur/ 
thovich (plural form ofthovi), "" sententia." 
The next epitaph (Lanzi, No. 86) would thus imply 
that the person named is commemorated, and lived (i. e. 
is dead) : — 

Larth Vete Arnthalisa thui. Larth Vete line* 

Thovi, it will be seen, being implied in thovich, is 

both a noun and a verb in Armenian; and in like 

manner the Etruscan suthi would probably signify not 

only "is buried/' but also "grave, tomb." For the 

following inscription is given by Lanzi (vol. ii, p. 562) : — 

mi suthi Larthial Muthikus. 

(C I (am) the tomb of Muthicus the son of Lartia."f 

# Why should the Latin line, " unge," be considered a probable 
explanation of this Etruscan line ? 

f We know from Herodotus that the Lydian Myrsil(us) meant 
"the son of Myrs(us)" 



70 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

It might, however, signify : " Mutliicus the son of 
Lartia is buried in me." The stone containing this 
inscription was discovered at Busca, between Cuneo 
and Saluzzo, in the country of the ancient Vagienni ; 
a remarkable locality for an Etruscan epitaph, though 
it might imply no more than a Greek inscription 
would do at Rome, or an English epitaph in a French 
or German cemetery. 

In addition to the numerals, the Etruscan epitaphs 
will have furnished us with the following forms, which 
I collect together here. If the interpretations were 
undoubtedly true, the Etruscan question might pro- 
bably be considered at an end. Where the Etruscan 
forms are accompanied by a number, it is represented 
by N. The proper name has to be supplied. 

w " I'^tatisN." 
avils JS ) 

ril N, " annos N,f or " anno N." 

line, "vivebat." 

avil ril N, " anno aetatis N." 

ril leine N) ,, . ., -x T „ 

•7 A? 7 • c vivit annos JN . 
ril JS leine ) 

lupa, "obit." 

lupu avils N ^ 

avils N lupu > " obit aetatis N." 

avils N livpuke ) 

zilachnke, " sepelitur." 

zilachnlce avils N, " sepelitur astatis N." 

zilachnulce lupuhe, " sepelitur, obit." 

avils machsNlupu, "obit aetatis mensis (mense) N." 

avils thunesi N lupu, "obit aetatis diei (die) N." 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 71 

1 . . avenke lupum amis machs N, " deponit cadaver 
getatis monsis (niense) N." 
eha suthi, " hie conditur." 
eha suthi nesl, " hie conditur mortuus." 
thui, " memoratur." 
tular, "tumulus." 



As a companion to the Etruscan epitaphs,, whose 

examination I have now concluded, the longest of the 

very few Phrygian epitaphs that we possess is here 

subjoined, with its interpretation from the Armenian:* 

Kelolces fenaftun aftas materes sosesait, 
Celoces sepulcrum suse matris facit, 

materes Efeteksetis Ofefinonomun. Lachit 
matris Ephetexetis ex Ofefinone. J Sepelit 

( Vorat 

ga mater an aresastin. Bonolc aJcenarvogafos 
terra matrem prasstantem. Bonocus illustris 

erekun telatos sostut; Inanon akenanogafos, 

usum "Tsepulcri vetat ; Inanon illustris, 

aer atanisen, Jcursaneson tanegertos. 
vir judicialis, destructionem aedificii. 

Cicero writes (De Leg., ii, 26) : cc De sepulcris nihil 

est apud Solonem amplius, quam l ne quis ea deleat, 

neve alienum inferat' ; poenaque est, ' si quis bustum 



# It was said by Eudoxus (ap. Eustathiuin) : 'Ao/ueVioi to yivos 
i>{ cfrpvyias, /cat t$\ (pavy iroXAa (ppvyi^ovdiv. As might be expected 
from a contemporary of Xenophon and Agesilaus, and one who 
was himself a traveller, Eudoxus is right about language : but the 
Phrygians probably came from Armenia, not the Armenians from 
Phrygia. 



72 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

(nam id puto appellari rvfifiov), aut monumentum, aut 
columnam violarit, dejecerit, fregerit/" This passage, 
as well as ancient epitaphs in general, will shew that 
the Armenian brings out a good sense for the whole 
of the Phrygian epitaph ; in which Bonok may have 
been the lord of the ground, and Inanon a judge of 
the district. Both Bonok and Inanon were illustres, 
or " nobletnen," while Celoces was an untitled man, 
perhaps a dependent or client of Bonok. 

FenafUun, "sepulcrum," with an objective termina- 
tion, is the Armenian anavth, or anoth, " vessel, pot, 
box, area, ayyetov" and probably the Albanian ounth, 
"a pot." 

Aft-as, "suge," implies af, "he," which corresponds 
to the Kurdish au, " this, that," and to the Armenian 
iv, " he," which is found in ivr, " of him/' and also 
"his." The genitive of ivr, "his," is ivroy. 

The root of sosesait, "facit," may be discerned, 
most likely, in the Armenian sos-aphel, "to handle, 
manier" ; the composition of sosesait (and possibly its 
root) in the Armenian sar-&s-el, " to form, to shape" 
(root sar, in Persian sdz) ; and the conjugation of 
sosesait in the Armenian t-ay, " he gives, dat" The 
Phrygian, like the Latin, retains the final t, which is 
dropped in Greek, Armenian, and Etruscan, as also in 
Italian and Spanish. 

Ofefinonoman, "ex Ofefinone," has a termination 
which finds a parallel in the Armenian dmane, " from 
this," and yaygma/i, " in the morning (ayg) " 

Lachit is a verb of the i conjugation, which, if ren- 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 73 

clered "vorat," is explained from the Armenian lake, 
" he swallows "; and, if rendered " sepelit," contains 
the root of the Etruscan zilachxike, which is found in 
the Armenian etag, " fossa" [ante, p. 34). 

Ga, " tellus/' is the Aryan word which appears in 
Greek as <yr), in Gaelic as ce, in German as gait, in Sans- 
krit as go, and in Armenian as Jcav, "clay/' and gav{ar), 
"province.'" 

Ares-astin, " praestantem," contains the Armenian 
yarag, "before/' arag, "front/' arag-in, "first/' com- 
bined with a termination like that of the Armenian nav- 
ast, or n&v-asti, "a sailor." Indeed, ares-ast-in might be 
obtained from the Armenian yarag -anal, "praBire, to 
excel," just as ovr-ast, " a denier," is obtained from 
ovr-anal, " to deny." 

Erelc-un, "usum/' would contain the Greek ipy-, 
and the Armenian erh, " toil/' herlc, " cultivation." 

Aken-anogafos, "illustris," is derived from the same 
word as the Armenian ahan-avor, "illustrious/' namely, 
ahn, " an eye" ; and may perhaps contain also the 
Armenian angov, "worthy of," so as to signify "worthy 
of respect, honourable." 

Telatos, if interpreted " sepulcri," may be allied to 
the Armenian thai-el, "to bury," and thatar, "an 
earthen vessel"; and to the Etruscan tular, "a tomb": 
or, if interpreted "loci," to the Armenian teti, "place," 
which seems akin to the root of thatar, namely, thai, 
" tellus." The form of telatos is just like that of 
Teparos. 

Sostut, "vetat," is a verb of the ^conjugation, and 
== Armenian saste, " he reprehends." 












71 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Aer (the word is doubtful) seems the Armenian 






Atan-isen, "judicialis," contains the Armenian atean, 
"tribunal, court of justice," and is equivalent in mean- 
ing to the Armenian aten-alcan, "judicial, magistrate, 
judge/' or to the Armenian aten-aJcal, "magistrate, 
senator." 

Kursan-eson, " destructionem," is explained from 
the Armenian korzan-el, " to destroy," and korzan- 
ovthivn, " destruction." The termination -es- rather 
resembles the Armenian -ic u -tor," as in tov-ic, "giver, 
da-tor." If kursaneson signifies "destroyer" or "in- 
jurer," erehun ought to signify " user," not " use." 

Tanegert-os, "sedificii," is a compound like Tigrano- 
certa, and is composed of the Armenian words, tovn, 
gen. tan, " a house," and kert, " building." 

That akenanogafos is a title may be seen also from 
the epitaph on the tomb of King Midas : — 

Ates arkiaefas akenanogafos Midai gafagtaei fanaktei 
edaes. 

Here arkiaefas might signify "royal," from the Ar- 
menian archay, "king"; or could perhaps be better 
explained from the Armenian yarg, " value, esteem, 
dignity," yargi, "respectable," yargoy, "honourable, 
precious, reverend." Gafagtaei may be derived from 
the Armenian gall, " throne/' and possibly be equiva- 
lent to the Armenian gahakzi, the dative of gahakiz, 
"sharer of a throne, fellow-sovereign" ; or else contain 
the Armenian gta-nel, "to acquire, to have." For 
fanaktei, "king," see infra, p. 79. Edaes, "posuit," 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 75 

is a first aorist, like eOrjfce or e&ae, while the Arme- 
nian edy "posuit," is a second aorist, like eOrj. The 
terminations of the Armenian first aorist active, in the 
third person singular, are -eaz and -az, according to 
the conjugation. It usually wants the augment ; but 
in e-k-eaz, "he lived/' and e-b-az, "he opened/' we 
meet with forms completely like the Phrygian e-d-aes, 
" posuit." Edaes terminates two other short inscrip- 
tions, so that its meaning is clear. 

I have already noticed the identity of the Phrygian 
eXvfAos, " avkos" with the Armenian etegn, " reed." 
Another Phrygian plant-name was remenia, " hyoscy- 
amus, henbane/ 5 which is merely mentioned in my 
Armenian dictionary as "a poisonous plant." But -eni 
forms names of trees in Armenian, as in keraseni, " a 
cherry-tree" ; and the same language has rem-akal 
== okh-obkal, "malignant/' and therefore implicitly rem 
== okh, "malice." Yet the nearest word to remenia is 
the Sanskrit ramaniya, "pleasant, a charm," of which 
the root is ram, " love, delight." Henbane may have 
been used in philtres. An almost synonymous Sanskrit 
word, priya. "gratus," might explain the first element 
of the Dacian Trpta-hrfka, " ayu,7re\o? fiekaLva" of which 
the second element, hrjXa, is the Armenian det, "herb, 
medicine." The Phrygian crovaa, "Xzipia" is obviously 
Semitic, but may have been derived immediately from 
the Armenian sovsan, "lily." Zek/cta, the Phrygian for 
Xayava, resembles more than one Armenian word : as 
zatik (in composition zatk-), "flower"; zatk, "stalk"; 
setkh, "melon," = Albanian salkyi. The relics of the 



76 THE ASTATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Lydian language supply us with two names of the 
same kind. One is clkvXov, " fiakavov Trpwivqv" which 
may be compared with the German eicliel, and the 
Armenian katin, "acorn." The other is fivcros, "6l;vr), 
beech" ; a word which seems allied to the Abkhasian 
mica, "wood"; to the Sanskrit micata, "sandal-wood"; 
and to the Armenian mosay, " tamarisk." The name 
of Mysia was supposed to be derived from juvcros. If 
we may trust Horner, the tamarisk was common in the 
Troad {II, vi. 39; x. 466; xxi. 18, 350). Herodotus 
mentions it in Lydia (vii. 31), where Mr. Hamilton 
(vol. ii, p. 144) speaks of "thickets of tamarisk." 
There was a Mcesia Silva in Etruria, not far from 
Rome. The Proper Thracian supplies us with three 
plant-names. Bp/£a was the name of a plant like tlcj^tj, 
of which the thema is rlfyos, "marsh, stagnant water." 
The Sanskrit vrihi, and the Armenian brinz, "rice," 
and the Rhaeto-Romance ritscha, " grass growing in 
water," would be akin to j3pl£a. The second Thracian 
plant-name is #77/409, " ocrirpiov n." The Sanskrit has 
kdmin, " a climbing plant," and the Tuschi has ham, 
= Georgian kama, " dill." The Bessi supply the third 
Thracian plant-name, aaa, " firj^iov, tussilago, colts- 
foot," which is plainly allied to the Armenian haz, 
Sanskrit kdsa, "/3??f, tussis" ; and, as the Germans 
call "coltsfoot" kuf -lattich, the Armenian hazar, "let- 
tuce," might also be compared with haz and aaa. 
The change of the Sanskrit Msa into the Armenian 
haz is like the change, in Florentine pronunciation, of 
casa into yasa or hasa. Professor Max Miiller has 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 77 

noticed the apparent affinity of the Dacian fiavrela, 
u sentis, rubies, bramble, blackberry/' to the Albanian; 
in which language we find man, mande, " a mulberry, 
a mulberry-tree/' mande pherre (pherre, " bramble"), 
" a blackberry." In Armenian we have, according to 
Rivola, mandak, iC genus herbae" ; and there is like- 
wise the Armenian man-anekh, " mustard," and the 
.Ossetic man-arth, "a raspberry, rubus ideeus." Per- 
haps the original meaning of man-, mand-, or /jlclvt-, 
is " berry" ; and the root may appear in the Sanskrit 
mandala, " orbis, circuitus," and in the Armenian 
man, "& round," which is also found in the expression 
man pttoz, "blossom of fruits (pttoz) " All these 
'words might have belonged to a race who spoke 
dialects closely allied to the Sanskrit, as the Armenian 
is, and who proceeded from a country in the position 
of Armenia. The Dacian plant-names {ante, pp. 8, 9) 
.have exhibited still more striking Armenian affinities. 



78 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



CHAPTER III. 

ETRUSCAN VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS. 

The principle on which the argument in the preceding 
chapter has been conducted is, to determine in general 
the sense of each word without regard to its sound or 
form, and then to see what language or languages can 
explain that sense. This was possible in epitaphs, but 
is not so in votive forms of expression, or at least not 
so readily and completely. The shortest and, I think, 
the best mode of proceeding here will be, to exhibit at 
once the interpretations at which I have arrived, and 
then to prove their correctness, or at least their fit- 
ness.* I shall begin therefore by laying before the 
reader the three longest Etruscan votive inscriptions, 
accompanied by the interpretations which I put upon 
them. The first is on a statue, now at Leyden (Micali, 
Mon., tav. xliij; Lanzi, vol. ii, p. 455). It runs thus: — 

Velias Fanahnal thuf-lthas alpan lenache 

Veliae Fanacia-nats3 signum-precis supplex facessit 

Men kecha tuthines tlen-acheis. 

pia expiat gratiae debitum-pretium. 

All the terms used here will be subsequently ex- 

* The other or analytical process was adopted in my Armenian 
Origin of the Etruscans (1861). 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 79 

plained. The proper name, Fanah, deserves observa- 
tion, on account of its resemblance to the Phrygian 
fanahtei (ante, p. 74), == Greek clvcuc-tl, and of the 
connexion of these words with the Armenian nahh, 
"first/' and with the naqa, "king/' of the Persian 
inscriptions. In the Milesian traditions reported by 
Pausanias, Anax, = Armenian nahh, "first/' is the 
Autochthon and the son of Earth (Ge). v Ava% would 
be a Thracian, not a Hellenic word : at least it is 
Armenian, and is not Latin. The father of St. Gregory, 
the Apostle of Armenia, was said to be a Parthian 
called Anah. 

The next long inscription, on the base of the statue 
of "the Orator'' in the Uffizi at Florence (Micali, Mon., 
tav. xliv ; Lanzi, vol. ii, p. 468), is as follows : — 

Aulesi Metelis Ve. Vesial Mensi hen 

Aulus Metellus Veli filius Vesia-natus pius ut 

fieres tehe sansl tenine tuthines chiseliks* 
donum ponit libens fert gratis© monumentum. 

The proper name, Vesia, may be compared with the 
Armenian wes, " superbus." Ken, " ut/' seems found 
in the Armenian hen, which is, however, only em- 
ployed in composition. There are in Armenian two 
triads of terms signifying "as, like": — 

or-bar, or-pes, or-hen hi-bar, hi-pes, hi-hen. 

Or signifies " who, which," and so would hi, which 
the Armenian him, "quare," = Sanskrit him, "quare," 
shews to be identical with the Sanskrit hi, "who, 

# In the original, cMsvlilcs. I have changed the v (F) into e (E), 
as in the case of tivrs, " thirty." 



80 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

which/' — Albanian Tcye. Bar means u modus" in 

Armenian, and -pes = Sanskrit peg a y " forma." All 

the six terms above therefore signify "quomodo"; and 

ken may thus be interpreted " ut." 

The following is the third long votive inscription, 

and accompanies a statue of Apollo (Lanzi, vol. ii, p. 

446 :— 

mi fieres Epul { a )fo Aritimi 

me donum Apollini et Artemidi 

Fasti R(u)fr(u)a turlce Men kecha. 
Fausta Rufria dat pia expiat. 

Afe, " and/' would be identical with the Armenian 
ev y " and/ 5 which Botticher refers to the Sanskrit 
abhi, u ad, versus/' = Greek iirL But the word is 
doubtful, and is not found elsewhere. Fabretti reads 
svulare instead of Epul afe. 

On a candelabrum (Lanzi, vol. ii. p. 421) there is 

also this expression :■ — 

Au. Velshus thup-lthas alp an turlce* 

Aulus Veliscus signum-precis supplex dat. 

I will next give a complete list of Etruscan votive 

forms, omitting proper names, and reversing in three 

instances, for the sake of comparison, the order in 

which two words occur. The list would be this :— 



* Aljpan turlce terminates two other votive forms. Fabretti, 
1051, 1052. In the Etruscan kecha, "expiat," turk?, "dat," 
suthi, "conditur," and lupu, "obit," we have examples of the 
four Armenian conjugations in a, e, i, and u (ov); as in the 
Armenian tay, "gives," at£, "hates," lmi, "is," and lizov, "licks." 
Three of the four appear in the Phrygian sosesaii, lachi£, and 
sostw£ (ante, pp. 72, 73), 



THE OLD ITALIANS. Si 

1. kana- 

2 . suthina 

3. flezrl 

4. fleres tlen-asies 

5. fleres-zek sansl 

6. turuke 

7. fleres turke 

8. fleres turJce klen kecha 

9. alpan thup-lthas turke [acheis 

10. alpan thuf-lthas lenache Men kecha tuthines tlen- 

11. klensi fleres teke sansl tenine tuthines chise- 

[liks 
The next step in the argument will be to give the 
meaning of these words, as deduced mainly from the 
Armenian ; and to shew, as in the case of sepulchral 
expressions, that such meanings make Etruscan votive 
forms correspond in sense to the forms used by the 
ancients. I therefore subjoin this comparative list of 
ancient votive terms : — 

LATIN & GREEK. ETRUSCAN. 

'Rlfccov kana, " simulacrum, statua." 

"AyaX/jia zek, " statua, figura." 

"AvaOrfna suthina, cc sacrificiurn.-" 

Eu%>}9 evetca thup-lthas, " signurn-precis." 

Ex voto fleres, "donum." 

Donum flezrl, " datum." 

Votum 

Libens sansl, "libens." 

Men, klensi, "pius." 

alpan, c( supplex, i/csTrjs, 9 ' 



82 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

LATIN & GREEK. ETRUSCAN. 

dvedrj/ce tenine, "fer^" 

Posuif teke> u ponit," or " facit." 

Retulit 

Fecit lenaclie, " facessit, fieri facit." 

Declit turlce, " dat." 

Solvit Icecha, " expiat," or " solvit." 

Dedicavit 

Consecravit 

X.apt(TTrjpLa tuthines chiseliJcs, "gratis monumentum." 

Merito tuthines tlen-acheis> "gratise' debitum- 

[pretiuin." 
tlen-asies, debitum- 

[pretiurn.'" 

The meanings assigned to tlie Etruscan words are 
thus suitable, and therefore likely to be true ; and this 
probability may be still further shown by the following 
inscription, which is found in Grater, p. xlvii : — 
Te precor* Alcide sacris invicte peractis 
Ritef tuis Icetus dona ferens meritis% 
Usee tibi nostra potest tenuis perferre caimna 
Nam grates dignas§ tu potes efficere 
Sume libens\\ simulacra^ tuis quse munera** cilo 
Aris Urbanus dedicatff ipse sacris. 
I shall now show how the meanings assigned to the 



* Alpan f Klen, hlensi. 

'I Sansl tenine tuthines chiselilcs, Tclen Icecha tuthines tlen-acheis, 
5 Tlen-asies. || Sansl. % Kana, zeh. 

** Fleres, suthina ff Turke, Icecha. 






THE OLD ITALIANS. 83 

Etruscan words are obtained, almost entirely from the 
Armenian : — 

Kana (1) " simulacrum" (Lanzi, vol. ii, pp. 465, 
466). Gaelic caon, " simulacrum ;" or Armenian Jc-al, 
" sistere," -an, Armenian termination, = Sanskrit 
-ana, Kana, is found on statues. 

Suthina (2), (C sacrificium." 

Tuthines (10, 11), " gratiae, donationis, yapiTos" 
These words are of the utmost significance. Suthina 
is found alone on a number of objects ; among others, 
on a statue (Micali, Mon., tav. xxxy, 9), and on the 
back of a patera (tav. xlviii) : it is also sometimes ac- 
companied by a proper name (Fabretti, p. clxxxiii). 
The most probable meaning of suthina is obviously " a 
votive offering;" and it would therefore be duly ex- 
plained from the Sanskrit hu, "Diis offerre, sacrificare/' 
just as the Etruscan suth-i, " is buried," was explained 
from the Sanskrit hud, " coacervare, submergi" (ante, 
p. 62). Though it would seem probable, at first 
sight, that suthi and suthina were cognate words, yet 
they need be no more so than potis and potio ; lot, lotus, 
and lotion ; rat and ration. We may also fairly con- 
clude that suthina does not mean " tomb" or " urn ;" 
for such an inscription as Larth Seties suthina is found 
on several vases, " in nonnullis vasis" (Fabretti, 2095 
quinq. B). The ashes of a deceased person would not 
be distributed among a number of vases : nor, indeed, 
does there seem any sense but " votive offering" which 
will explain the fact of suthina being found as a single 
word on statues, paterae, and, as in Fabretti, quinq. A, 



8 1 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

" in nonnullis monumentis aheneis," discovered at one 
place. As therefore sathi appears on tombs, it is pro- 
bable that suthi and suthina have no etymological con- 
nexion ; and it is also probable that, while suthina is a 
nominative, tuthines is the genitive of a similar nomina- 
tive tuthina, where the termination is the same as that 
of suthina, but the root different, just as we find in 
Latin natio and ratio ,motio and notio. We should thus 
have these words in Etruscan : — 

su-thina, or else s(u)-uthina, " sacrificium." 
tu-thina, or else t(u)-uthina, cc ....... " 

In the termination -uthina, an Armenian would at 
once recognise his native termination -ovthivn, which 
is so common, as to occur three times in the Lord's 
- -.Prayer, as well as in twelve nouns derived from nav, 
/'"a ship/' and in fifteen derived from mard, "a man.-" 
Th^ Sanskrit hu, "Diis offerre, sacrificare/' becomes the 
Armenian zoh, which would be suh in Etruscan ortho- 
graphy • while the root of the Etruscan t(u) -uthina or 
t-nthina is found in the Armenian tov or t-, " give ;" 
for u d-are" is t-al, and " d-atus" is tov-eal, in Ar- 
menian. We have, indeed, both the Etruscan words 
in Armenian : for " human sacrifice" is marda-^o/iov- 
thivn, and " giving of homage" is haxka>-tov ovthivn, in 
that language. 

The final vowel in suthin-a would be dropped in Ar- 
menian, as may be seen by such an instance as kin, 
" yvvij" with which may be compared the Etruscan 
Una, that occurs in the beginning of an inscription at 
Volterra : — 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 85 

Titesi Kalesi Mna Ks Mestles 

The Etruscan proper name ; Mestles, resembles the 
name of the Maeonian leader, M.ea6\7}s (II. n, 864), and 
that of the Iberian town, Meo-rXrjra, mentioned by V 
Ptolemy. Mes- may be the Armenian mez, " great," 
— Zend mazo, = Sanskrit mah(at), another example 
of the change of the Sanskrit h into a sibilant. 

The following table will exhibit the affinity between 
the Armenian and Etruscan in several points already 
considered ; and may likewise explain, to some extent, 
by showing in what manner the Armenian uses infini- 
tives and participles as nouns, how the Etruscan comes 
to have so many I terminations : — 

AEMENIAN EOOTS & WOEDS. ETEUSCAN EOOTS & WOEDS. 

sovz, " cond-ere." suth, = Sanskrit hud. 

zoh, " sacrifice." su, = Sanskrit hu. 

tovy "give." tu. 

av, "age, increase." av, = Sanskrit av. 

rah, " go." ri, = Sanskrit ri. 

tes, " sight." 

tes-ovc, gen. tes-ci, "inspector." 

tes-avor, " apparent." 

tes-il (videri), "appearance." av-i7, "age." 

tes-avor-il, "to appear." r(i)-iZ, "year." 

tes-an-el, " to see." 

tes-an-el, "appearance." 

tes-ot (videns), "prophet." 

tes-an-ot (videns), "prophet." 

tes-ovthivn, " sight." s (u) -uthina, "saerificium." 

tes-c-ovthivn, "inspection." t{a) -uthines, "donationis." 



80 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

tes-an-el-ovtliivn, "visibility." 
tcs-ot-ovtliivn, " sight." 
tes-an-ot-ovthivn, "sight." 
tes-an-eli, " visurus, videndus." 
tesanelich, "the eyes, sight." 

These last two Armenian forms will illustrate in its 
place the Etruscan chiseliJcs. 
Flezrl (3), "datum." 
Meres (4, 5, 7, 8, 1,1), "donum." 

I have met with flezrl only once : it occurs on the 

back of a statue (Micali, Mon., tav. xxxiii). The 

analogy of fleres would lead us to expect flerzl instead 

of flezrl, while we should infer from nesl, " mortuus," 

that flezrl or flerzl is probably a participle. On a patera 

in Lanzi (tav. xi), a pedestal with a bust is inscribed 

flere. The connexion with^eo and ploro is most likely 

a correct one. The Armenian gives :- — eter, " fletus" 

— aters, "precis" — ovterz, " donum" — and eterzeal, 

otorzeal, and ovterzeal, " datus, oblatus." The initial 

vowels here may be due to the circumstance, that few 

Armenian words are allowed to begin with t, = ^\, = 

Welsh 11, which the English pronunciation converts 

into till or fl. The Armenian etag {ante, p. 34) is an 

instance of a vowel being prefixed to t. The/ in fleres 

may represent the aspirate % contained in t. But 

compare also the Armenian lov, "flea, floh," where / 

before I is entirely dropped. In li, " 7rA,e-o?," p is 

dropped. 

Tlen-asies (4) ) ^ i i -x l* » 

Tlen-acheis (10) \ debltum P retmm - 

Gaelic dligh, " debe ;" dlighe, "lex, debitum ;" dleas, 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 87 

" officium ;" root dl-, in Etruscan tU : -ean, Armenian 

adjectival termination. 

Armenian azech, "pretium," a plural noun: in the 

objective, the final -ch becomes -s. Ossetic achos " a 

sum due ;" achza, " money." Greek a%ia. Compare 

ac/ieis and asies with the two Armenian forms for 

" daughter," doMt and dovstr. 

Turuke (6) } (( -, , ^ „„ 

Turke (7,8,9) / dat - S ^«- 

Armenian tovrch, " gift," a plural noun, of which the 
root or base is tovr : it is found in phar-a-tre, " he 
gives glory (phar)" As already noticed, a great many 
Etruscan verbs seem to terminate in -Ice, like tur-ke ; 
a form apparently used by the Lydians, as the Lydian 
fiao-Ke, " e%€06a%€," would = the Armenian waz-er, "he 
was rushing." Another example of such a form is 
supplied by the picture which forms the frontispiece to 
the second volume of Mr. Dennis' Etruria. It repre- 
sents the self-devotion of Alcestis to death for her 
husband, and is accompanied by this inscription ; — 
eka erske nak achrum flerthrke. 

Eka has already been interpreted "here" or " ecce" 
from the Armenian aha, " lo !" The Georgian has aha, 
"ecce;" ach, "hie;" and acha, "ibi." Ers-ke, as we 
know the subject of the picture, may be considered as 
equivalent to the Armenian eres-e, " she offers herself." 
Nak may mean " to," like the German nach, the Hun- 
garian nak, and the Tuschi naqw ; and a similar word 
would appear in the Armenian nakh, "first, before," 
which is both adjective and adverb, and has in com- 
position nearly the force of the German nach, as in the 






yt* 



88 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Armenian nakhanz, " envy." And thus, as fler-thrlce 
would be already explained under fleres (p. 86) and 
tiirke (p. 87), the whole inscription would probably 
mean : " Lo ! she offers herself to Acheron as a de- 
voted (or c suppliant') gift." As a comparison of forms, 
notice that thrhe elides the vowel in tiirke, as the Ar- 
menian srbe, " he sanctifies/' elides the vowel ov, = u> 
in sovrh, "holy," = Sanscrit guhlira, " splendidus, 
albus." Compare the Sabine cyprum, "bonum," and 
the Etruscan Cypra, " Juno/' which would be a Sabine 
word. 

Zek (5), u statua, figura." 

Armenian zev, zevak, "form, figure." Zek might 
likewise be rendered " brought," from the Armenian 
zcjely = German Ziehen ; or " produced/' from the 
Armenian zagel, = German zeugen.. Perhaps zek, 
which only occurs once, should be zeke, " brings," = 
Armenian zge. 

Sansl (5, 11), "libens." 

Armenian znzavt, znzot, or znzot, "gaudens, 
libens." The inscription (5), when completed, is : fleres 
zeh(e) sansl kver. It is found on the statue of a boy. 
I should interpret kver, "soror," guided by such Latin 
inscriptions as : — 

D.M.C. Egnatio Epicteto et C. Egnatio Floro 
modesta soror. 

Fortunato fratri pientissimo fecerunt sorores. 

The Armenian for " sister" is choyr, which is pro- 
nounced like the English queer, and gives cher in the 
genitive. The Persian is khwdher ; the Welsh, chwaer ; 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 89 

and the Breton, choar. On another statue of a boy, 
with the inscribed arm unfortunately nearly broken off 
(Micali, Mon., tav. xliv), is this fragment of an inscrip- 
tion :— 

as velusa 

is kelvansl 

..... s lever thvethli 

klan 

As the Etruscan Thanchvil is the Latin Tanaquil, the 
Etruscan lever would probably be represented by quer 
in Latin. In the votive inscription, fleres tlen-asies 
sver, sver may = hver, as tlen-asies seems = tlen-ac/ieis 
(ante, p. 86). 

If the Etruscan sansl and nesl be "libens" and 
' c necatus," and if avil and ril be infinitives as well as 
nouns, we should find these terminations in four 
languages : — 

ETRUSCAN. ARMENIAN. PERSIAN. SANSKRIT. 

Infinitive ... -I -I -dan -turn 

Pres. Part.... -I -t -n -fnjt 

Past. Part.... -I -I -dah -ta 

The Lydian fcav$av\(7]<;) would exhibit the present par- 
ticiple in a third Thracian dialect (ante, p. 7). 

Klen (8, 10) \ " pius, rite," i.e. " with due religious 
Klensi (11) j rites." 

For the termination of Mensi, which distinguishes it 

from Men, compare the Armenian layn and lay mi, 

"broad ;" or bolor, " a circle," and bolorsi, "round;" 

and for the meaning of Men, compare the Gaelic glan 

and the Welsh glan, cjlain, "pure, holy, clean, beau- 



90 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

tiful, fair ;" and perhaps the Armenian getani, " fair, 

decent." 

On a tomb at Vulci (Micali, Mon. Ined., tav. lix) the 

sculptured figure of a man stands in a rock-hewn blank 

doorway, and is surrounded by an inscription which 

may be interpreted as follows : — 

Eka suthik Veins Ezpus klensi kerinu 
" Hie tumulum Velus Bzpus pius sculpit." 

For suthik may be considered as a diminutive of 
suthi, cc a tomb" (ante, p. 69), like the Armenian 
masnik, " a particle/' from masn, cc a part ;" or lovsik, 
" a, little light," from loys, " light." Ker-in-u, like 
lup-u {ante, p. 33), would be an Armenian verb of 
the ov or u conjugation, derived from a root ker, which 
may be allied to cher-el, " to scrape," or ger-el, " to 
write," or k'er-el, " to hammer, to carve." For the -in* 
in kerinu, compare Armenian forms like lizane, lize, 
lizov, lezov, "he licks" — gotanay, gote, "he steals"— 
kheranay, kheri, "he insults" — kamenay, kami, " he 
wishes." Similar n forms are common in Aryan lan- 
guages. Lini, " he is," supplies another instance in 
Armenian. 

Kecha (8, 10), "expiat, consecrat," or else "solvit." 

Armenian chahe, " expiat" — chake, " solvit." 

There is also kahe, "parat." See ante, p. 37, No. 2340 : 

Malum he . . . , " funera " 

Tenine (11), "fert, offert." 

Armenian tani, "fert, reddit, tenet" Ten-in-e would 
be a form like ker-in-u, just noticed, but in an e, not a 
u conjugation. The simpler form is tenu (ante, p. 36, 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 91 

note f). Compare tlie Armenian psnov, = psne, = pse, 
"he considers/'' 

Alpan (9, 10), "supplex, l/cerrj^, flehend." 

Armenian otb, " fletus :" -an, -ean, Armenian ad- 
jectival terminations. The letters o and b are wanting 
in Etruscan. 

Tele (11), "facit," or else "ponit." 

Lapponic iakk-et, Fin tek-'d, " facere/' Sanskrit tales, 
u facere, fabricare, findere f taksan, cc faber lignarius." 
Armenian thak, " a hammer, a mallet •" thak-el, " to 
beat, to ram/' Latin tignum, tigillum. Greek re/crccp, 

Te-ke might also be regarded as an Etruscan verb in 

-Tee from a root t- " placing." This Aryan root is in 

Armenian d-, and de-ne is " ponit," an n form like the 

Etruscan ten-ine and Jcer-inu. 

Thup-lthas (9) ) cc . . , ., 

Thuf-Uhas (10) | S1 « num P recis > an ex vot0 - 

Tv7ro9 Xm)?. Armenian tophel, thopel, dopliel, 

" Tvirreiv" -atothel, "precari;" itz, c ' desiderium ;" 

etzal, " desiderare." Though the Armenian avoids t 
as an initial, yet we find tzali, as well as etzali, " de- 
siderandus."" Two? illustrates teke by exhibiting the 
connexion between ce striking," and " forming" or 
cc making." As tu7T09 and Xlttj are not Latin (for 
typus is borrowed), they would be Thracian rather than 
Hellenic words, if the Hellenes were an offshoot of the 
same Italian race to which the Umbrians and Oscans 
belonged. 

Lenache (10), "facessit." 



92 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Armenian etanake, " modulatur ;" etanak, " modus, 
forma ;" etanil " fieri ;" linel, " esse,, fieri, existere." 
There is, besides, the suffix -eten, "fac(tus)," as in 
osketen, " made of gold fosJci)".* In Armenian, the 
termination - ak is frequently causative, like the Sans- 
krit -oka: e.g. e 9 " existence ;" eak, " creator;" so 
that, as lin-el is " fieri," lin-ake would be " fieri facit." 
If lenache be " facessit," teJce would be " ponit" rather 
than "faeit." 

Ghiseliks (11), " monumentum, in memoriam." 

Armenian yiselich, " a memorial," the plural form of 
yiseli, of which the diminutive would be yiselik (a form 
like the Etruscan suthik), and its plural form yiselikch, 
in the objective yiseliks. Yiseli is the future participle 
of yisel, "to remember," of which the root is yis. 
Similar forms to yiselich are :—talich, "gift," Iselich, 
"ear, audience," empelich, "beverage," and tesanelich, 
"sight, eyes" {ante, p. 86). But the existing Arme- 
nian forms derived from the root khat, " playing," will 
most clearly exemplify the supposed formation of 
chiseliks from a root chis. 

ARMENIAN. ETRUSCAN. 

khat, "ludus." chis 

khatal, " ludere." 

khat ali, "ludendus." 

khaialich, "ludus," i.e. "ludenda." 

khatalik, " ludus" (dimin.) 

khataliks, "ludos." chiseliks 

For the affinity between the Etruscan chis and the 

Armenian yis, compare the Armenian khovzel, yovzel, 

# Cf. Lithuanian auksas, Prussian ausis. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 93 

"to seek." The Armenian y is aspirated.* In the 
mountains of Noricum there was a place called Gand- 
alicce, which resembles the Armenian khat-alik in form, 
and which may, by the aid of the root eand, "throttle" 
(ante,ip. 7), be interpreted "gorges/ 5 or " etrangle- 
ments." The Albanian has erseli, "honourable" (th. ers, 
"honour"), to compare with the Armenian yargeli, 
."venerandus." On the Noric Elegium, see ante, p. 66. 

I have now completely gone through the votive words 
comprised in the forms at the beginning of the chapter 
(ante, p. 81). A few other words may be added to 
them. The first is the well-known Tins-kvil, which 
stands alone on three votive offerings (one of them the 
celebrated Chimaera), and in which the name of Tina, 
the Etruscan Jupiter, has long been recognised. Tina 
would be the Sanskrit dina, "day/' a contraction of 
divana (Lassen) = divan, " day." The root is div, "to 
shine," which appears in the Armenian tiv, " day," in 
the Latin dies, divum, divinus, and, as already noticed, 
in the Albanian diet or dil, "the sun." It may be re- 
marked here in passing, how the Albanian velazer, 
" brother," (which the plural shows to be the complete 
form of vela, " brother"), enables us to pass from the 
Sanskrit bhrdtri to the Armenian etbayr, for btayr. 

The Etruscan hvil in Tins-kvil seems = Armenian 
khilay, "gift;" which would make Tinskvil signify 
" Jovis donum, Jupiter's gift, a gift to Jupiter/ 5 

This word is found, together with some others, on 

* We have also the Etruscan kiem, chiem, " five/' to put by the 
side of the Armenian hing, "five/' and yi-sovn, "fif-ty." 



94 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

the beautiful candelabrum of Cortona. The inscription, 
which has slightly suffered from a fracture, appears to 
have run thus : — 

thapna lusni (T)inshvil Atlili(i) sulthn 

As Ath and Athl are both proper names in Etruscan 

(Lanzi, torn, n, p. 363 : — there is an Armenian district 

called Athli), the meaning of the inscription may be — 

u A burner of light, offered to Tina, the work 

of Atilius." 

Thapna, " tcavarris"— lusni, "lumims," — and salthn, 

" cast, fonte, formatio, opus/' may be thus explained : 

1. Sanskrit tap, "burn," = Armenian tap, thaph : 
Sanskrit svapm, " sleep ;" Armenian masn, " part/-' 
otn, " foot." 

2. Armenian loys, c c light •" lovsin, gen. lovsni, "the 
moon / ; * lovsn-thag ("light-crown"), "the planet 
Jupiter." 

3. Salthn might be explained either from the Ar- 
menian sat-mn, " an embryo," or from the Armenian 
sat-el, " to mix, to knead." The termination -thn may 
be a contraction of -ovthivn (ante, p. 84). In form, 
salthn resembles the Armenian sovrthn, " orifice." f 

1 On a patera or mirror in Lanzi (tav. xn, No. 6) Diana is 
called Losna, sl name remarkable for containing the non-Etruscan 
vowel o. 

f The Etruscan kech- (ante, p. 90) and the Armenian chali- (or 
chav- ; cf. Sanskrit Jihav, " purificari") would explain two words in 
Hesychius, of which the last might exhibit the I termination of 
the Armenian, Lydian, and Etruscan present participle (ante, p. 
89):— 

Kqi(k]s) or k6(t]s), " Upevs Kafieipcav 6 naQalpwv cpovea" 
Koi6\(r}s), " fepetfs." 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 95 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE INSCRIPTION OF CERVETKI. 

In the two previous chapters, which have been devoted 
to the consideration of sepulchral and votive forms in 
Etruscan, .the force of the argument is in a great 
measure derived from the fact, that the Armenian 
language enables us to explain the Etruscan words in 
such a manner as to make the sense of the Etruscan 
forms correspond closely to that of other ancient forms 
of the same kinds. The meaning assigned to the 
Etruscan words may sometimes be described as certain, 
as in the cases of avil, ril, and leine, and may be 
generally affirmed as more or less probable in every 
case ; so that the argument in favour of the Armenian 
or Thracian affinities of the Etruscan becomes very 
strong. In the subject of the present chapter, there 
are no such analogies to guide us : there is no sense 
which we are bound to elicit from the Etruscan by the 
aid of the Armenian, if the intimate relationship be- 
tween the two languages is to be maintained. That 
the inscription of Cervetri is Armenian, depends chiefly 
upon the singular closeness with which the Armenian 
fits it, and which is such that even the metre of the 
inscription, for it is written in verse, scarcely suffers at 



96 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

all, while a good and appropriate sense is brought out 
for it at the same time. 

The Inscription of Cervetri, the ancient Agylla or 
G cere j is written on a pot or cup of antique black 
ware, capable of holding nearly a pint ; and it con- 
sists of two hexameter verses, but with the words all 
run together. They should probably be divided thus : — 

mi ni hethu ma mi mathu mar am lisiai thipurenai 

ethe erai sie epana mi nethu nastav helephu. 

As it might be objected that the lines are divided 
into words so as to adapt them to the Armenian, it 
may be as well to mention that my division of them 
is the same as that of Lepsius, with the exception that 
he reads mar am instead of mar am in the first line, 
and minethu instead of mi nethu in the second, where 
I follow Dr. Donaldson. Maram may perhaps be 
preferable to mar am, as will ultimately appear : but, 
if we read mi ni hethu and mi mathu with Lepsius, 
then mi nethu seems more probable than minethu. As 
we have already met with, mi, " I," in Etruscan, it 
may reasonably be conjectured that the cup is made to 
speak of itself, and that it affirms of mathu what it 
denies of kethu. Again, as the Etruscan is an Aryan 
language, it will be at once suspected that mathu 
means "wine," for such a word occurs in a great 
number of Aryan dialects, from the English mead to 
the Sanskrit madhu. 

With this slight clue to the tenor of the inscription, 
I will now proceed to interpret it word for word, as I 
have divided it : — 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 97 

1. Mi, "I." 

The Armenian for "I" is es ; for a me/' (z)is : but 
me, " I/' and me, " me/' exist implicitly in the Arme- 
nian plurals, mech, "we" (= Lithuanian mes), and 
[z)mez, "us." For dov, "thou/' makes dovch, "ye"; 
and the Armenian nominative plural is formed by the 
addition of -c/i to the singular, and the accusative 
plural by that of -s. 

Welsh and Gaelic mi, "I"; Georgian me, "I": etc. 

2. Ni, "not." 

Armenian mi = Greek //^ = Latin we. 
Welsh and Gaelic m, "not." Behistun Persian 
niya, " not." Persian mail, noli, " not." 

3. Eethu, "of water"; less probably, "of milk." 
The Armenian get, " river," hath, " drop," kith, 

" milking/ 5 and kathn, " milk," are thus declined : — 

Nominative get* hath Mth kathn. 

Genitive getoy kathi kthoy kathin. 

Dative ( J e ^°y kathi kthoy kathin. 

Ablative g e toy kathe kthoy kathine. 

Instrumental ...getow kathiv kthow kathamb. 

There is in Etruscan prose a remarkable deficiency 
of vowels, which does not appear in the Inscription of 
Cervetri ; a difference which has led to the inference 
that the language of the Inscription of Cervetri is not 
Etruscan, f But this inference is too hasty, for the 

* Armenian infinitives are declined completely, like get. 

f " This (the Inscription of Cervetri) is neither Latin, nor Greek, 
nor Umbrian, nor Oscan. It is equally certain that it is not 
Etruscan ; since in that tongue harsh unions of consonants 

H 



98 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

same peculiarity exists in Armenian, where the vowel 
Sj which has the same sound as the Sanskrit a, is 
continually understood in prose, where it would be 
expressed in poetry. Aucher says of this Armenian 
letter : " Entre deux ou plusieurs consonnes elle est 
to uj ours sousentendue ; mais dans la division des 
mots elle se met actueUement, comme aussi dans la 
poesie" Sir Henry Rawlinson, in his explanation of 
the Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions (p. 55), writes : 
" The short sound of a was optionally inherent in all 
the consonants of the (ancient) Persian alphabet. This 
principle of organisation is common to every single 
branch of Arian Palaeography, with the exception of 
the Zend." The Armenians and Etruscans exercised 
such an option by dropping in prose the short a, 
= Armenian e, while the Phrygians preferred ex- 
pressing it. In Sanskrit, the short a is necessarily 
implied in every consonant or combination of con- 
sonants, when unaccompanied by the mark Virdma, or 
the sign of some other vowel. 

An Etruscan word where the deficiency of vowels is 
particularly great is trutnvt, which seems in a bi- 
lingual inscription (Lanzi, vol. ii. p. 565) to correspond 
to haruspex, and may be composed of the root or base 



abound, while in this the distribution of vowels is as well propor- 
tioned as in the Negro-languages : moreover none of the well- 
known Etruscan words here occur." — Newman's Regal Rome, p. 7. 
Mi, " I, me," does occur in the Inscription of Cervetri : nor is there 
any reason why two verses on a drinking-cup should contain any 
votive or sepulchral words. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 99 

of trutinor, with the Armenian termination -ovaz, 
— Sanskrit and Zend -vat. But though in trutnvt there 
is only one vowel to six consonants, yet the same pro- 
portion is observed in two Armenian words of similar 
sound: in trtngel, "to murmur/' and in 6r9nguk, *^ A ^- 
" sorrel/' gen. Ordnghi.* In two of the Armenian 
words cited above to explain the Etruscan ketha, namely 
Jcthoy and Mhow, there is an e deficient, and they 
would be written in poetry Jcethoy and Jcethow ; or in 
Etruscan orthography, as the Etruscans had no o, 
hethu in both cases. Getoy and getow would become 
in like manner Jcetu, as the Etruscans had no medial 
consonants. 

Gaelic eith, gith, " imber" ; ce, gen. ceithe, " flos 
lactis." Albanian cheth, "stillare, fundere." Latin 
gutta. 

4. Ma, "but?' 

Armenian na, "but, however, rather, in fact, verum" 
Sanskrit dm, "nee" Tuschi ma, "but." Lapponic 
ma, " quidem." 

5. Mi, " I." 

6. Mathu, " of wine." 

Armenian math," syrup of grapes, raisine, defrutum" 
which is declined like get (3). Mathoy would become 
mathu in Etruscan. 

German meth : English mead : Welsh medd : Greek 

# I take this word to be the TepTavdyera of Dioscorides, one of 
the five names by which the Eomans knew artemisia or mugwori. 
Like Pliny's elegia {ante, p. 66), it might possibly have been bor- 
rowed from Etruria. 



TOO THE ASTATIC AFFINITIES OF 

fjiedv : Zend mathu, "wine": Sanskrit madliu, "honey, 
wine, intoxicating drink"; mad, "to be intoxicated" ; 
mada, "intoxication, madness": Persian may, mul, 
" wine" : Lydian fio)Xa^, " elSo? oivov." Armenian 
m.oli, "mad, intoxicated"; metr, "honey/' gen. metov : 
Greek /ulwXv. 

7. Mar, "a pot" or " measure" (German mass). 
Armenian mar, "a measure of liquids" — " fierprjTrjs, 
firkin" (John ii. 6): Persian mar, "measure, number": 
Greek fidpts, "a measure containing six /corvXac (about 
three pints)":* Albanian mere, "every liquid and dry 
measure": Lithuanian mera, "measure": Russian mjera, 
" measure." Albanian marr, " to hold, to contain": 
Georgian marani, "a wine-cellar," = Armenian maran, 
Sanskrit, met, mas, "to measure." The Etruscan mar 
and mathu seem to contain Aryan roots of universal 
prevalence. 



8. Am, " 


am." 




Armenian. 


...em 




Persian . . . 


...am 




Behistun ... 
Zend 


...amiya 
...ahmi 


> "lam." 


Albanian . . . 


...yam 




Greek 

Sanskrit ... 


f r 
...€iflL 

. . . asmi 




9. Lisiai, 


<* for the t 


3ngue." 


Armenian 


. . . lezov 


) 


Lithuanian 
Hebrew . . . 


. . . lezivwis 
...lason 


> " a tongue. 



* Mdpis may be a Thracian word ; and the Latin dolium appears 
in like manner = Armenian doyl, if bucket." 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 101 



( lezovl 

A . ) lizovl 

Armenian ...< 7 . 7 
J lizeL 

\ lizanel 

Lithuanian lezu 

Persian lisidan 

Persian ...lis 

Sanskrit lih 



y " to lick. 



lick" (root). 



Observe the letter-change in the Sanskrit lih and 
the Etruscan 7?'s-iai. The genitive and dative of the 
Armenian lezov (i. e. lezu) are lezovi. But the Etruscan 
lisia, " a tongue/' would be declined more nearly like 
such borrowed Armenian proper names as Angtia, 
''England/' gen. and dat. Angtiay; or Ananla, "Ana- 
nias/' gen. and dat. Ananiay. 

10. Thipurenai, "for the thirsty" (tongue). 

In thip we meet with a very common Aryan root 
for " heat." In Armenian this root is tap or thaph, 
which has been discerned before in the Etruscan 
thapna (ante, p. 94). The Armenian tapean, "burn- 
ing, heated/ 5 would give the meaning of thipurenai, 
but the termination must be explained from such 
Armenian words as those which follow : — 

( hayr, " father." _ Y „ 

\ hayr -or en, " paternally." 

J archay, " king." 

( archay-oren, " royally." 

( ham-ah-, "entire, entirely": root ham, = 6/^(09). 
< ham- or en, " entire, entirely." 
( ham-orini, gen. and dat. of ham-oren. 

J get, " beauty." 

\ get-a-yoren, " fair." 



102 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

ren, u a law, a rule." 
drin-ali, "example, type, form." 
yorin-cl, " to form, to shape." 
orin-akel, "to form, to represent."* 

Nearly similar terminations may be found in the 
Armenian words : — Hay-even, " Armenian, Haican" — 
pliokli-ar£n, " payment " — kerp, herp-aran, " form, 
figure." There is no indication of genders in the 
Armenian language; but such proper names as Athenas, 
" Pallas," gen. and dat. Athenay, are declined like 
thipurenai, which would be a feminine adjective agree- 
ing 1 with lisiai. 

11. mite, "if," or "when." f 

Armenian ...etlie 

Zend yezi, yeidhi I <c . ~ ., 

Behistun yadiya 

Sanskrit yadi 



* Compare with. 6rin~aM, " he forms/' the Etruscan verbs, len- 
ache, tur-Jce and iur-uke, ers-ke, te-ke, zilachn-ke and zilachn-uke. 
Such Armenian words as hayr, " father/' and mayr, " mother/' in- 
timate that the Armenian language, in its earliest existent state, 
is not very ancient. Indeed, the oldest Armenian writings only 
date from about 400 a d. For the Armenian forms for " daughter/' 
" brother/' and " sister," see ante, pp. 63, 88, 93, The Phrygian in- 
scriptions, as might be expected, bear evidence of much higher 
antiquity ; for in them we find materes and materan, — fiyrepos and 
[jL-riTdpa, = matris and matrem, = Sanskrit rndtaras and mdtaram. 
Compare mater an and mayr with matrem and mere. The Armenians 
have a word ovstr, " son," which possesses the Aryan termination 
of -psi-ter, ma-£er, and daughter, and seems peculiar to the Arme- 
nian language, where ovs means " teach," and also " shoulder." 

t That ethe here means "when" or "if," was inferred by Dr. 
Donaldson from its position, and without the guidance of any 
linguistic resemblances. — Varronianus, p. 167 (2nd edition). This 
gives force to those resemblances which I have adduced. 






THE OLD ITALIANS. 103 

Behistun yata^ yathd \ u -i „ 

Sanskrit yadd J 

12. Erai, "joyous," or " of joy." 
Armenian erah, khrakh, ovrakh, " joyous, merry ": 

ovrakh Uriel, " evfypaiveaOab" (Luke xv. 24) : ker, drb, 
ev ovrakh ler, "(jzdye, irte, (fcal) evcfipalvov" (Luke xii. 19). 
Armenian erakhan, " a banquet." Cf. epavos. 
Erakhan would probably = erah khan, "joyous table," 
as khan means " table" in Armenian, 

13. Sie, "it be." 

Armenian ize, "it be, it may be, may it be." A 
comparison with the terminations of a Sanskrit 
parasmaipada verb (infra, cap. v) tends to shew that 
the Armenian has preserved here the precative form 
of the substantive verb, and that the subjunctive 
would be zie. 

Sanskrit sydt : Latin sit (= siet) : German sei. 
Italian sia. 

14. Epana, " the feast/' nominative to sie. 
Armenian eph, ephovmn, "cooking." Hebrew aphah, 

"to cook." Latin epulari. Greek oTrrdte, eyjrco, o^frov. 
For the termination of ep-ana, compare the Armenian 
kap, "a bond," kap-el, "to contract," kap-an, "a 
strait" — gel-el, "to roll," gel-an, "a cylinder" — 
chah-el, "to expiate," chah-anay, "a priest." The - 
Armenian prefers to terminate words with -ay, instead 
of -a simply. Epana, and also kana (ante, p. 83), are 
just like in form to the Sanskrit ddna, " gift." 

15. Mi, "me." See 1. 

16. Nethu, "of liquor." 



104 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Armenian nivth, " substance, matter/' hetanivth, 
" fluid substance, liquid/' which are declined like math 
(6) , and thus give in the genitive, dative, and ablative, 
nivthoy and hetanivthoy. Nethuns is the Etruscan 
form of Neptunus. As we have in Armenian ivt and 
et, " oil/' and givt and get, " village/' nivth would be 
very nearly neth, though the Armenian iv is usually pro- 
nounced like the German u, and occasionally like the 
English u in tune. Compare the river-names Neda 
and Nith, and the Sanskrit nadi, " river." 

17. Nadav, " the guest." 

Armenian ...nsdeh ) cc , ~ „ 

-d . „ rpj^ > " stranger, foreigner. 

Jrersian nasta* J ° ' ° 

Arabic nazil, " stranger, foreigner, visitor, 

Hebrew nasa , "to migrate"; wasa, "to err." 

# C. Calidius Nasta, " Strange, Guest/' appears as a proper 
name in a Neapolitan inscription (Donate p. 4), and Nastes is men- 
tioned by Homer as one of the two Carian leaders. I have already 
noticed (ante, p. 85) that Mestles was an Etruscan proper name. 
It is a singular coincidence that the names, Mestles and Nasta, 
should be found in Italian inscriptions, one of them at Volterra, 
and that Homer, " Mseonii carminis ales/' who would probably 
know what proper names were used in Lydia and Caria, should 
have written : — 

Mrfoaiv av ME20AH2 re kcli "Avrupos fjyrjadadrip. 
and — 

NA2TH2 ad Kapcov rjyfjaaro fiap^apofpca^cop. 
Lethe and Lethi, again, were Etruscan proper names (ante, p. 59); 
and Homer says that the Pelasgians at Troy were commanded by 
Hippothous and Pylseus, 

vie dvu) AH0OIO UeAaayov Tevra/midao. 
In Tuschi, leth- means "kainpfen, drohen, schelten." 



' 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 105 

Sanskrit nes, "ire, se movere." Nts-deh would 

be one who goes from his 
country (deh). 

18. Helephu, "empties." 

Czeiovl, "to pour"; zetkh, "drunken."* 
Armenian . ■< lieiovl, "to pour out, i^eyelv^ (Rev.xvi.2). 
\ hetov, " he pours out, he empties." 

The root is liet, " pouring, flowing," which is found 
just above in hetanivth (16), where nethu, being qualified 
by helephu, acquires the meaning of hetanivth instead 
of nivth. The formation of helephu from a root hel 
may be thus illustrated from the Armenian : — 

(sos, " causing tremor" (root). 
< sos-aph-il, " to tremble." 
( thoth-oph-el, "to shake" (active). 

ded-ev~el, "to reel." 

J Jehovs-el, " to fly." 

( khovs-aph-el, " to fly." 

7 [- " a trembling." 
sarsaph J & 

\ sarzil ^ 

sarsil ^ " to tremble." 

jsarsaphil J 

Similar forms are presented by sosaphel, "to touch," 
hachavel, "to dance," and sovthaphel, "to hasten": so 
that hetaphov, as well as hetov, " he empties," might 
exist in an Armenian dialect. 

Helephu is the last word in the Inscription of Cervetri. 
If all the Armenian words cited to explain this in- 

* Cf. Thracian fcTAa, " ohos." — Botticher's Arica, p. 50. 



106 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



scription be now collected together, arid written in 
Etruscan letters, we should obtain in grammatical 
syntax, though the idiom might not be perfectly correct, 
the following Armenian couplet : — 

es mi hetu na es mathn mar em lezui tapean : 
ethe erah ize ephumn, zis nithu nesteh helu. 

Or, adopting such modifications as are warranted by 
the Armenian language itself- — 

me mi hetu na me mathu mar em lezui tapurini : 
etlie erah zie ephanay, me nithu nesteh helaphu. 

This distich differs but slightly from the Inscription 
of Cervetri, and almost entirely preserves the metre in 
which it is composed. Nor can it be said that the 
sense which the Armenian supplies for the Etruscan is 
at all forced or inappropriate ; but, on the contrary, 
that it expresses exceedingly well what so festive a 
nation might have inscribed on one of their drinking- 
cups. For the meaning of the two verses would be:- — 



1. 




2. 




mi 


I 


ethe 


if 


ni 


not 


erai 


joyous 


Ti-ethu 


of water 


sie 


be 


ma 


but 


epana, 


the feast, 


mi 


I 


mi 


me 


mathu 


of wine 


nethu 


of liquor 


mar 


a cup 


nastav 


the guest 


am 


am 


helephu. 


empties. 


Usiai 


for the tongue 






thipurenai: 


thirsty : 










The sentiment of the second verse brings to mind 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 107 

Goethe's line on the drinking-cup of the King of Thule: 
Er leerV ihnjeden Schmans. Some unimportant modi- 
fications might be suggested in the interpretation of 
the inscription. Thus lisiai thipurewai might be made 
a locative, " on (his) thirsty tongue/' and connected 
with the second verse instead of the first. If, again, 
remembering that the Etruscan is several centuries 
older than the earliest existing Armenian, we compare 
the Etruscan Jcethu, mathu, and nethu, with the Sans- 
krit madhu, the Zend mathu, the Greek fi&Ov, the 
Phrygian /3e8v, "water," and the Macedonian fteOv, 
" air" (both these last words being = Armenian vivth, - 
"water, moisture, element, matter"), such analogies 
would lead us to consider the Etruscan words as nomi- 
natives or accusatives, rather than as genitives or 
ablatives. If they be in the accusative, then we should 
probably read, with Lepsius and Donaldson, mar am 
instead of maram; and have to regard mar am as a 
transitive verb of the second Armenian conjugation, 
like tarn, "I give," or ertham, "I go," and signifying 
"I contain," or "I dispense." Compare the Albanian 
marr, " I contain," and the German fass and fassen. 
This alteration would have the advantage of obviating 
one little objection: for, if the Etruscan sie signify "it 
be," "I am" should rather be em than am. We have, 
however, both am and is, wast and ivert, in English, 
where there is a similar change of vowel. If nethu be 
a nominative or accusative, mi nethu would be ren- 
dered "my liquor," or "my contents," mi being 
equivalent to "my" or "of me," both rendered in 



108 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Armenian by im. Finally, if mi nethu be a nominative, 
hel&phu would have a passive or neuter signification — 
the Armenian zetov is both active and neuter, like 
" pours" in English — and nastav would be in the in- 
strumental case, and = Armenian nsdehiv. The in- 
strumental cases of nav, "a ship," and hin, "a woman," 
namely navav and hiav, come still nearer in form to 
nastav. 

With these modifications the interpretation of the 
inscription would be : " I do not contain water, but 
wine: when there is a joyous feast, my liquor is poured 
out by the guest on (his) thirsty tongue." Perhaps 
this is on the whole the preferable interpretation of 
the two. 



It does not require the knowledge of many sen- 
tences, nor of a large number of words and inflexions, 
to enable us to pronounce upon the character of 
any language ; so that the properties of the Etruscan 
have probably been sufficiently displayed in the speci- 
mens already given and analysed, which seem to 
include all the forms whose meaning is tolerably 
clear. The result is that, instead of there being no 
language which can claim kindred with the Etrus- 
can, there are, on the contrary, two in Asia which 
may succeed in establishing a near relationship to 
it by explaining it to a considerable extent. The 
Armenian appears to do this in a very close manner, 
especially when it is considered that Armenia and 
Etruria are at opposite extremities of a long and 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 109 

not entirely unbroken chain of old Thracian coun- 
tries, like Wallachia and Portugal among those of 
Latin speech. It may even be said, perhaps, that 
the Armenian resembles the distant Etruscan more 
than it does the neighbouring Phrygian, with which 
it was connected by the ancients. But even if the 
Armenian had perished with the rest of the Thra- 
cian languages, of which only a few relics survive, 
vet the affinities between the Sanskrit and the Etrus- 
can would still have afforded some clue to indicate 
who the Etruscans were. Their language would be 
nearly allied to the Sanskrit, but would neverthe- 
less belong to a different Aryan family, as the letter- 
changes would imply. No doubt the Sanskrit has 
some few advantages over the Armenian in the com- 
parison of languages. Thus the Etruscan semph-, 
r seven," is nearer to the Sanskrit saptan than it is to 
the Zend liaptan, the Persian haft, or the Armenian 
evthn; and the Etruscan sas, " six," is nearer to the 
Sanskrit sas than it is to the Armenian wez. But 
the Latin septem and sex are likewise nearer to the 
Sanskrit saptan and sas than they are to the Greek 
eirrd and e£ ; and yet the Latin and Greek are con- 
sidered to belong to the same Aryan family of lan- 
guages, while the Sanskrit and Latin are not so classed 
together. There are letter-changes which distinguish 
one Aryan family from another, as there are letter- 
changes which distinguish different members of the 
same family from one another. There is, besides, no 
letter-change in the case of the Armenian wez and the 



110 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Etruscan sas, as botli would be ultimately derived, 
along with the Albanian gyas(te) and the Persian sas, 
from a form like the Zend Ichsvas, by the omission of 
different letters, after the manner in which the Old 
Norse fimm and the Anglo-Saxon fif are deduced 
from the Gothic form, fimf. The argument from simi- 
larity or dissimilarity of numerals must not be pressed 
too far. Thus the Swedish tio and the German zehn 
have not one letter in common. The Gothic fidvor, 
too, resembles the Welsh pedwar more than the Ger- 
man vier : yet the Gothic was a Teutonic, not a Celtic 
dialect. The right conclusion would be, that the 
Gothic and Welsh forms are older than the German, 
as the Zend thri and the Etruscan thr- are older than 
the Armenian ere, " three." So, again, the Welsh 
pump and the Breton pemp are more like to the Gothic 
fimf than they are to the Gaelic cuig, as the Welsh 
pedwar and the Breton pevar are more like to the 
Gothic fidvor and the Anglo-Saxon feover than they 
are to the Gaelic ceathair* Nor is the advantage all 
on the side of the Sanskrit in respect of the Etruscan 
numerals. Mack (with me- and muv-), " one," is 
Armenian, but not Sanskrit ; and the Armenian king, 
"five," leads us from the Sanskrit pancan to the 
Etruscan Idem or chiem. 

It might be conjectured, on account of proximity, 



* To get from pemp to cuig, we should pass through the Greek 
ire five and it€i*t€, the Lithuanian penhi, the Armenian King, and the 
Latin quinque. Greek and Oscan resemble Welsh, as Latin re- 
sembles Gaelic. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. Ill 

that the Etruscans were Illyrians rather than Thracians, 
if the Illyrians be supposed to constitute a distinct 
Aryan family. But, even if we set aside other argu- 
ments, and lay more stress than is allowable on numerals, 
there would yet be no necessity for such a conclusion, 
as the Albanian numerals hardly come nearer the 
Etruscan than the Armenian numerals do. These are 
the Albanian numerals from I to x : nye, du, ire, hater, 
pese,* gyasftej, stafiej, teftej, nen(de) , dhyefte'J. The 
corresponding Armenian numerals are : ez (and also 
mi, mov, and men), erlwv (not Aryan), er or ere(ch), 
cor(ch) or char, king, wez (in composition wes and 
wath), evthn, ovth, inn (— inert), tasn. 

Such advantages as the Sanskrit may have over the 
Armenian in some few instances cannot counterbalance 
the weight of evidence on the other side, so as to take 
the Etruscans out of the Thracian family. It is not to 
be expected that every Thracian language should be 
quite like the Armenian, any more than that e^ery 
Teutonic language should be quite like the English, or 
that every Celtic language should be quite like the 
Welsh, or every Neo-Latin language quite like the 
French. And, while the Sanskrit explains so much of 
the Etruscan, it almost, by that very fact, disposes of 
its own claims to include the Etruscans in the Indian 
family. Such a word as sutliina, for instance, if ex- 
plained by the Sanskrit hit, " Diis offerre" — and a 
word found singly on votive offerings is perfectly so 

* Compare the Lettish, peezi, which belongs to the same family 
as the Lithuanian penki, 



112 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

explained — is nearly decisive by itself. Suihina would 
not be a Sanskrit word ; while, on the other hand, the 
Armenian brings out suthina from hu by presenting 
both the right letter-change, as well as the termina- 
tion, in the word zohovthivn, " sacrifice." It enables 
us also to form such Etruscan words as zilachnhe and 
thij)iirenai from Aryan roots, where other Aryan lan- 
guages would not qualify us to construct them \ and it 
has, in addition, the Etruscan I terminations, besides 
the singular Etruscan peculiarity of retaining in poetry 
the vowel which is discarded in prose. The Slavonian 
family of languages might compete with the Armenian 
on the ground of the letter-changes, but would fall 
far behind it, as well as behind the Sanskrit, in ex- 
plaining Etruscan words. There is likewise a geo- 
graphical improbability against the Sanskrit by reason 
of distance, and because Armenia fills up the gap be- 
tween the Caucasian and Semitic nations. 

The evidence in favour of the Armenian affinities of 
the Etruscan is not exhausted by the Etruscan in- 
scriptions. For we find in Etruria place-names re- 
sembling the Armenian sen and lori, which may be 
described as the town and home, or -ton and -ham, of 
Armenia; as we find among Dacian plant-names terms 
like the Armenian Jchot and det, which are the kraut 
and wurz of Armenia. Finally, the Etruscan and 
Rhaetian were said on sufficient authority to be cog- 
nate languages, and in Rhaetia there are still apparent 
relics of an Armenian dialect ; while in the Pyrenean 
sern-eille, " glacier," a similar dialect seems to have 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 113 

penetrated still farther west than Etruria. It can 
hardly be accidental that the only Thracian language 
still existing should emerge wherever the ancients 
have placed a Thracian people.* 

* The quarter in which to look for the right language to explain 
the Etruscan was indicated by Bonarruoti a century and a half ago: 
(t Hortari postremo fas mihi sit, doctos prsecipue Unguis Orientalibus 
viros, ut animi vires intendant, ad illustrandam veterem Etruscam 
linguam, tot jam seculis deperditam. Et quis vetat sperare, quod 
temporum decursu emergat aliquis, qui dimcilem et inaccessam 
viani aperiat, et penetralia linguss hujus reseret ?" Mebuhr was 
less sanguine in his expectations. " People," he says, " feel an ex- 
traordinary curiosity to discover the Etruscan language ; and who 
would not entertain this sentiment ? I would give a considerable 
part of my worldly means as a prize, if it were discovered ; for an 
entirely new light would then be spread over the ethnography of 
ancient Italy. But, however desirable it may be, it does not follow 
that the thing is attainable." And yet it has been known from 
the first that the ages of deceased persons were denoted in Etruscan 
by such forms as avil ril lxv, ril leine lv, and lupu evils xvn, which 
might, it would seem, have opened the way to the discovery, as 
they supply us with four words whose meaning can hardly be said 
to be doubtful, and which are thoroughly explained in every respect 
by the Armenian and Sanskrit languages. 



114 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



CHAPTER V. 

CONJUGATIONS AND NUMERALS, 

It may be considered unnecessary to prove the Aryan 
character of the Armenian language by an analysis of 
the Armenian verb ; so that the evidence in demon- 
stration of the Etruscan being an Aryan language of 
the Armenian or Thracian type might have been closed 
with the interpretation of the Inscription of Cervetri. 
But the Armenians are even yet not universally ad- 
mitted into the Aryan family, although it is difficult to 
perceive on what grounds their right to such ad- 
mission has been disputed ; as their vocabulary, and, 
what is of more importance, their grammar also, are 
both decidedly Aryan. That their vocabulary is so in 
substance, the previous chapters may have sufficiently 
shewn ; and in the present chapter I shall endeavour, 
by an examination of Armenian conjugations, to com- 
plete the proof that their grammar is so too. Albanian 
and Rhgeto-Romance conjugations will likewise be 
found compared with similar forms in other Aryan 
languages : and from these I have passed to Caucasian 
and Basque conjugations, in order to exemplify a 
little how far these languages deviate from the Aryan, 
and approach or differ from one another. Lastly, as 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 



115 



the primeval population of Europe and Asia Minor 
may be conjectured (ante, p. 12) to have been com- 
posed of Caucasian, Basque, and Finnish elements, I 
have attempted to gain some insight into the obscure 
question of the relationship among these three races 
by an examination of their numerals. There are some 
indications of primeval affinity here which I have not 
found noticed, and which may appropriately bring 
this present inquiry to a termination. 

Aryan Conjugations. 
Present Indicative. 



Lithuanian. 


Sanskrit. Rh.83 to- Romance. 


esmi 




asmi 


stmt 


essi 




asi 


eis 


esti 




asti 


ei 


esma 




smas 


essen 


este 




stha 


esses 


esti 




santi 


ean 


Albanian. 


Zend. 


Behistun. 


Armenian. 


y am 


ahmi 


amiya 


em 


ye 


alii 




es 


este 


asti 


astiya 


$ 


yemi 


hmahi 


amahya 


emch* 


yini 


stha 




ech 


ydne 


henti 




en 



# Here the Sanskrit -mas is converted into the Zend and Behis- 
tun -mail-, and the Armenian -mech, as we found (ante, p. 44 ) the 
Sanskrit mas, " moon," converted into the Behistun m&h-, the Ar- 
menian mall-, and the Etruscan mach. 



116 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



French. 


Latin. 




Italian. 


suis 


sum 




sono 


es 


es 




sei 


est 


est 




e 


sommes siimns 




siamo 


etes 


est is 




siete 


sont 


sunt 


• 


sono* 




Imperfect Indicative. 




Sanskrit 


S anskri t . Alb anian 


. Armenian 


(1st aorist). 






(1st aorist). 


adik-sam 


as am 


yese 


sir-ezi 


-sas 


asis 


yese 


-ezer 


-sat 


CLSlt 


is 


-eaz 


-soma 


asm a 


yesem 


-ezachf 


-sata 


dsta 


yesete 


-ezich 


-san 


dsan 


isne 


-ezin 


Zend. 


Behistun. 


Armenian. 




dham 




ei 

eir 


as 


alia 




er 

each 

eich 




alia 




ein 



* Dante on two occasions uses en and enno for sono ; forms 
which are like the Armenian en and the Rhseto-Romance ean. 

f Here the Armenian omits the m of the Sanskrit and Albanian, 
but retains, under the form of ch, the final s which they drop. So, 
in the 2nd pers. piur., t is dropped, but s retained, in Armenian. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 



117 



Sanskrit. 


Zend. 


Behistun 


abliavam 


baom 


abavam 


abhavas 


bavd 




abhavat 


bavat 


abava 


abhavdma 


bavdma 




abhavata 


bavata 




abhavan 




abava 


3to-Romance. 




Albanian (aorist). 


fova 




Jcerko-va* 


fovas 




-ve 


fova 




-i 


fovan 




-nam 


fovas 




-uate 


fovan 




-uane 



The root bhu or fu is not found in the Armenian 
language, which employs U or et instead. This may 
account for there being no such words as fnius or 
puia in Armenian (ante, p. 60). In the Armenian 
first aorist, as in sir-ezi, "1 loved/' the s of the Sans- 
krit root as appears as z, as it does also in the Arme- 
nian subjunctive. Scrip-si, (i)^>i\-r>cra (= icjyiXe-eaa), 
and sir-ezi, are analogous forms, all bearing a similar 
relation to the imperfect or preterite of the substan- 
tive verb that the corresponding form in Sanskrit 
does : and -ezi is to ei what -eaa is to rjv, as may be 
readily seen when the Greek and Armenian forms are 
thus placed together : — 



* Kerkova, " I sought," s^ Italian cercava, " I was seeking." 



113 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 





Greek. 




Armenian. 




1st aorist terminations. 


Impft. 


1st aorist terminations. 


Impft. 


-eaa 


-cnx 


rjv 


-ezi 


Si 


-eaa$ 


-acts 


v$ 


-ezer 


iir 


-ecre 


-(76 


V 


-eaz 


A 

er 


-eaafiev 


-aa[Mev 


rjfxev 


-ezach 


Sack 


-cadre 


-a are 


rjre 


-ezich 


dich 


-ecrav 


-aav 


rjorav 


-ezin 


Sin 



In the imperfect of the substantive verb, both lan- 
guages assume the augment (which lengthens the 
initial e), but drop, with one exception in each case, 
the sibilant of the root, which the Greek retains in the 
3rd pers. plur., and the Armenian, under the form of 
r> in the 3rd pers. sing. The 2nd aorist, as well as 
the 1st, is formed from the imperfect or preterite of 
the substantive verb ; and the manner in which it is 
done is again similar in Sanskrit, Greek, and Arme- 
nian ; as may be exemplified by the 2nd aorist of " to 
place" in those three languages, to which a second 
form of the Albanian aorist is added : — 





2nd Aorist. 




Sanskrit. 


Greek. 


Armenian. 


Albanian. 


a-dh-dm 


6-6-r\v 


e-d-i 


plyah-a 


a-dh-ds 


e-0-rj? 


e-d-er 


plyak-e 


a-dh-dt 


6-6-7) 


e-d 


plyah-i 


a-dh-dm a 


6-6-6jbL6V 


e-d-ach 


plyak-m 


a-dh-dta 


6-9 -6T€ 


e-d-ich 


plyah-te 


a-djh-us 


6-6 -6(7 av 


e-d-in* 


plyak-ne 



* Though there are two forms of the aorist in Armenian, yet no 
verb has more than one of them, except in the participle. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 



119 



Sir-Si, cc amabam," sir-ezi, " amavi," and e-d-i, 
" posui," exhibit the three preterite forms of the Ar- 
menian. 

Present Subjunctive, Potential, & Precative or Optative. 
Sansk. (subj.)** Khasto-Kom. (subj., pot. prec.) 



syam 




seig 


syas 




seias 


syat 




seig 


sydma 




seian 


syata 




seias 


syan 




seian 


Sansk. (pot.) 


Alb, 


(subj., pot., prec.) 


yam 




yem 


yds 




A' 

yes 


ydt 




yit 


ydma 




yemi 


ydta 




yini 


yus 




yene 


Sansk. (prec.) 


Arm. 


(subj., pot., prec.) 


ydsam 




izem 


yds 




izes 


ydt 




izS 


ydsma 




izemch 


ydsta 




izech 


ydsus 




izen 


If we omit the z 


in these Armenian forms, we get 


the Sanskrit and Albanian potential ; and if we trans- 



* This and the two following forms are taken from a parasmai- 
pada verb. 



120 



THE ASTxlTIC AFFINITIES OF 



pose the i and z, the Sanskrit and Latin subjunctive, 
for sim = stem. The Armenian equivalent to the Latin 
sit would thus be zie, = Etruscan sie [ante, p. 103). 

The only Armenian future is a futnrum exactum, 
like scripsero and rvfyOrjaoiuu, being formed from the 
aorist by the addition of terminations which are modi- 
fications of the different persons of the subjunctive of 
the substantive verb; as sirez-iz, "amabo" (amavero), 
from sirez-i, "amavi." One of the following examples 
will exhibit a first aorist future of the e conjugation, 
and the other a second aorist future of the i conjuga- 
tion: an Albanian aorist subjunctive is added, as being 
a form almost identical with the fiuturum exactum : — 

Subjunctive. 



sir-izem* 

sir -izes 

sir-izS 

sir-izemch 

sir-izech 

siv-izm 

sirez-iz 

sires-zes 
&ires-ze 
sires-zovch 
sires-ffich 

sires-zen 



Future. 



lin-izim 

lin-izis 

lin-izi 

\m-izimch 

lin-izich 

lin-izin 

If-izim 

l-izis 

l-izi 

\-izOVcll% 

l-izich, or -igich 
l-izin 



* The subjunctive of the substantive verb is accurately pre- 
served here throughout all the persons. 

+ The Armenian, like the Sanskrit and Greek, drops the con- 
jugational n in the aorist and future. 

£ Cf. Armenian anovn = nomen. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 121 

Albanian Aorist Subjunctive. 

plyak-sa or plyak-^m 

plyak-s or plyak-£s 

plyak-fe" 

plyak-sim or plyak-tsim, 

plyak-si or iplyeik-tsi 

plyak-smef or plyak-^sme. 
The Albanian ts, in the second of these forms, shews a 
tendency to convert the Sanskrit s into a sound re- 
sembling the Armenian z (tz) ovg(ds). In the Ar- 
menian sires zes, etc., the z of sirezi becomes s. The 
Armenian and Albanian forms are both analogous in 
their terminations to the Sanskrit 2nd future : — 

Sanskrit. 

Subj. of "to be." Subj. terminations. 2nd Fut. terminations. 

sydm syam -sydmi 

syds -syas -syasi 

syat -syat -syati 

sydma -sydma -sydmas 

syat a -syata -syatha 

syns -syan -syanti 

The Armenian perfect is formed by combining the 

preterite participle with the present indicative of the 

substantive verb. For the participle compare :— 

A . f sir-eal, " loved/' or " having loved." 

Armenian ^ pah _ eal ^ « kept ;> or « having kept .» 

Old Slavonic by-t', " having been." 

Mahratti pdh-ild, " seen" (cf. Daci.an $i6o<j>6e6-eka; 

ante, p. 9). 

And, for the perfect, compare : — 



122 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Armenian sireal em, " I have loved" (root sir) . 

Bengali lidrihim, " I made" (root kor)* 

Bohemian byl sent } u lw ^> (root b) 
Polish by tern J l WaS ^ r00t by) ' 

An Armenian pluperfect, like sireal ei, "I had loved/' 
i. e. " I was having loved/' calls for no observation ; 
and the same may be said of the imperative : — 

Sanskrit. Latin. Armenian. 

edhi es > er 

sta este tick or erovck* 

Caucasian and Basque Conjugations. 

Basque verbs are usually conjugated by combining 

a few auxiliary verbs and pronouns, united together in 

various agglutinate or incorporated forms, with the 

present participle, the preterite participle, and the 

future participle, of a particular verb. These participles 

are sometimes called infinitives. The Armenian sireal 

em and the French aimer-ai are modes of conjugation 

like those in Basque. Though Basque verbs have a 

strange appearance on account of the extent to which 

agglutination or incorporation is carried, yet they are 

simple enough when analysed. Thus ecarri nezaque, 

"je pouvais apporter," is quite plain when resolved 

into ecarri n-eza-que, " to-carry I-was-able"; n- being 

= ni, " I," eza the substantive verb, and que = Latin 

que-o. Nezaque is only " poteram" with the order of 

* These analogies are derived from Bopp (V. G., p. 1159). His 
argument, that korildm "von participialem Ursprung zu sein 
scheint," would be strengthened by the Armenian sireal em, which 
is not agglutinate like horil<lm. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 128 

the three elements reversed, as in the English " I was 
able." So again, ecarri guinitzaiztzuque, "nous te les 
pouvions apporter," is ecarri guin-itz-aiz-tzu-que, " to- 
earry we-them-were-to you-able." 

As personal pronouns present some of the most 
intimate signs of affinity between different languages, 
I shall endeavour to detach from these agglutinate 
forms the personal pronouns, or pronominal affixes, 
which are the subjects of the auxiliary verbs. It will 
be found that there is more than one such affix for 
each person, and that the Basque pronouns, in their 
present state, cannot explain several of the affixes. In 
the forms which I shall cite, all but the subjective 
affixes will be enclosed in brackets, so as to leave 
nothing but what belongs to the pronouns implicitly 
found in the Basque language ; and I shall begin by 
placing the Basque naiz, "I am/' between the Georgian 
var } "I am," and machus, "I have." In both languages, 
as will be seen, the root of "being" has a common 
origin with the Aryan root ; and this root takes three 
forms in Basque, as it does in the English am, art, is, 
ar(e). 

Georgian. Basque. Georgian. 

v(ar) n(aiz) m (achus) 

hh(ar) (aiz), c(era) g (achus) 

(ar)s d(a) (achus, achun) 

v(ar)th gu{era) gv(achus) 

Jch(ar)th c(era)te g (achus) th 

( ar)ian d (ira) h (chon) ian 

There is a very clear resemblance here between 



124 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

the Basque and the Georgian in the 2nd pers. sing, 
and in the 1st and 2nd pers. plur. Four other Basque 
conjugations are : — 

n(uen) n(uque) 

(nen), cencl(uen) cend(uque) 

z(uen), ce(uen) l(uque) 

gnen(uen), gaend(uen)* guend(aque) 

cen(u)t(en), cend(u)t(en) cend(uque)te 

z(u)t(en), cenQiien) l{uque)te 

n(ezan) n(ioteque) 

cen(ezan) cen(ioteque) 

c(ezan) l(ioteque) 

guen(ezan) gain (ioteque) 

cen(eza)te(n) ciniioteque) 

c(eza)te(n) l(ioteque) 

Z-t(e), l-te, cend-te, and cen-te mark the plural of the 
persons z and Z, " he/' and cend and cen, " thou/' just 
as we previously found in Basque, c(era), " thou art/" 
and c(era)te, "ye are"; and in Georgian, v{cur), "I am/' 
and v(ar)th, "we are"; Wi(ar), "thou art/ 5 and kh(ar)th, 
"ye are."f In the Basque verbs cited above, the pro- 
nominal affixes were prefixed : in the verb which follows, 
they are post&xed : — 



* The d in guend- and cend- seems not radical, but phonetic or 
euphonic. The sound of d rises between n and u, like that of p 
between m and s, as in Sampson. 

f Compare Ossetic forms like lag, " man," lagthii, " men"; ye, 
"he," yetha, "they." The Ossetic plural suffix is -th'ti or -the 
(Sjogren, p. 52). 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 



125 



(de)t 

(de)c, (de)n } de(zu) 

(de)u 

(de)g% 

(de)zue, (de)zute 

(de)ue, (d)ute 
These pronominal affixes,, with the addition of the 
actual Basque pronouns, will give us the pronominal 
forms contained in Basque for " X, thou, he, we, ye, 
they." But, before they are compared with Caucasian 
and other forms, it is advisable to mention the com- 
plete Georgian form for "I." The pronoun itself is me, 
but the genitive cemi } as well as the other cases of the 
pronoun, shew that cem is another or a more perfect 
form, just as sen, "thou," makes seni, "of thee." The 
Aryan analogies to the Basque will suggest themselves 
without notice. The Basque pronominal forms are : — 

ni \ Hungarian en; Suanian noi 3 "we, nos"; 

n- ) Lesgi nise, "we." 

-1 Tuschi so, -s. 

Ten or teni may be the complete Basque form. 

Lesgi den, tun;* Georgian cem(i) ; Lazic 
skim(i). 

r hi. Tuschi ho, ~h. 

Suanian si. Greek av. 
Georgian ~kh-, g-. 
\ Georgian sen ; Turkish sen ; 
j Lazic sJcan(i)> 
The complete Basque form might be 
zchuen. 



"L"i 



I 



" Thou." ^ 



zu, 


-&u. 


<S 


•6. 


-n 




cen- 


•, cm 



* There are several Lesgi dialects. My authority for them is 
Klaproth/s Kaukasische Sprachen. 



120 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



a, au, o \ Tuschi o; Turkish o; 
-u ) khasian ui. 



Ab- 



ce-, c-. Georgian igi ; Lesgi hey en, 

gen. hegei. 

j z-. Turkish su. 
" He, this. that. < 7 m i • i 7 T • •? a 

3 ' W-. lurkish oi ; Lesgi %l ; Suanian 

alle. 
d-. Bsthonianto; Lappouic ta(t). 
There would be more than a single 

form here. 

r gu, gu- } -gu. Georgian gv-; Tuschi wai, thcho; 
Lazic sku. 
u We."-<( guen-, guin-. Georgian even ; Lazic shun(i). 
Guen seems plainly the complete Basque 
form. 

r zue(c), -zue, -zute. Tuschi su, -s. 
c — te. Georgian hh — th, g — th. 
<(y » J cin-, cen-, cen — te. Georgian thchven, Lazic 
tqua, tquan(i). 
The complete Basque form seems nearly 
zcuen. 

r aie(c), oleic), ~ue. Lesgi hai, hoi, ua, 
" this." 
-ute ^ 

z — t > See under " he." 
" They." \ c—te J 

j J J- Turkish -l(er) ; Lesgi il, "he." 

d-. Lapponic tah ; Lesgi ti. 
^cen~. Georgian igini ; Lazic hini. 

Assuming ten, zcliuen, guen, and zcuen, as the com- ' 
plete or primitive Basque forms for "I," "thou," "we," 
and "ye," some suggestive comparisons may be made 
between the Aryan, Caucasian, and Basque languages : — 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 



127 



Y "I," = ah(am). 



i 
J 



>"Thou/' = tv(am). 



Greek iycov ^ 

Sanskrit . ..aham \ 

Zend azem j 

Behistun. ..adam 

Lesgi den 

Basque ...ten 
Georgian . cem 
Lazic shim 

Zend turn ^ 

Behistun . . . t'huwam \ 
Sanskrit ...tvam 
Basque ...zchuen 

Lazic shorn 

Georgian... sen 

Tuschi wai 

Behistun . . .way am 

Sanskrit . . .vayam 

Zend vaem 

Basque . .guen 

Georgian. ..even 

T . ( shun 

Jjazic ... < / 7 
( sku 

Tuschi...... thcho 

Sanskrit . . .yuyam 
Zend yuzem 

Basque ...zeicen 

Georgian. ..thchven 

T . f tquan 
Lazic . -! / 

( tqua 

Welsh chivi • 

Tuschi su J 

Although the Caucasian and Basque languages are 

far from being Aryan., yet it seems as if there were 

some ancient connexion between the three forms of 

speech. There may have been some group of men 

in Western Asia, from which the Basques first broke 



>- "We," = vay(am). 



l 

i 

! 
i 
y " Ye/' = yuy(am). 



128 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

off, and then the Caucasians ; while the remainder, or 
at least a part of the remainder, subsequently moulded 
their language into the primitive Aryan, which be- 
came subject to different modifications when the Aryan 
race spread abroad, and became divided into families, 
and subdivided into nations. For it is with the most 
ancient Aryan forms that the Georgian and Basque 
languages appear connected by their pronouns. The 
Georgian th-chve-n and the early Basque z-cue-n, "ye" 
must be older than the Welsh chwi, " ye," if allied to 
it; and the Georgian c-ven and the Basque g-uen seem 
even more ancient than the Sanskrit vayam, "we," 
though the Tuschi ivai would be a younger form. If 
the resemblances in the cases of " we" and " ye" 
justify us in identifying the Georgian and Basque ter- 
mination -en with the Sanskrit termination -am, then 
we should have a right to apply the same principle to 
"I" and "thou." Here then the Caucasian and Basque 
would retain signs of a characteristic which is only 
found in the most ancient Aryan languages : " Den 
ausgang -am in aham tvam, azem turn, entbehren alle 
jiingeren sprachen" (Grimm) . Tet we find in Cauca- 
sian dialects den, cem[i), and sldm(i), — sen and shan(i), 
for the singular of the first two personal pronouns, 
and can construct from the Basque, ten, " I," and 
zchnen, " thou." 

One more resemblance between the Caucasian and 
the Basque is worth notice. It may be seen from such 
forms as jango nu-gue, " que je mangerais," when 
compared with ecarri neza-que, "je pouvais apporter/' 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 129 

that the Basque conditional or potential is formed by 
the suffix que, implying " ability/ 5 The subjunctive 
is formed in a similar manner by the suffix Id. Thus 
we have :— 

venio/' nator natorreld, " veniam.^ 

venis/' ator atorreld, " venias." 

venit/' dator datorreld, " veniat." 

veriimus/' gatoz gatorreld, u veniamus." 

venitis/' zatozte zatoceld, " veniatis." 

veniunt/' datoz datozteld, " veniant." 

The subjunctive is formed exactly in the same waj r 
in Tuschi by the suffix le, which is referred by Schief- 
ner to the verb la(ar), " to wish/* Cf. \d~co. In 
Tuschi, do is " facit." and dole is " faciat/' like as in 
Basque dator is "venit/' and datorrela is "veniat." 
The conditional in Tuschi is formed by the suffix lie 
or h : as dahe from da, " he is/' and dolt from do, " he 
does." In Lesgi we have bugo, " er ist/' and bugahi, 
" es sei." 

Numerals. 

It has been said by Grimm, in the chapter of his 
GeschicMe der Deittschen Sprache which is devoted to 
the subject of original affinity (ur ver wands cliaft) : "Mit 
recht hat man drei kennzeichen ermittelt, welche in 
samtlichen urverwandten spracheix, wo nicht unveran- 
dert, doch hochst deutlich und eigenthumlich an- 
zutreffen sind, und fiiglich als symbol derselben auf- 
gestellt werden diirfen. Ich meine die iibereinkunft 
der zahlen, personlichen pronomina, und einzelner 

K 



130 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



formen des substantiven verbums" Conjugations and 
personal pronouns I have already examined as evi- 
dences of early affinity ; and now, by the aid of such a 
comparison and analysis of numerals as I am able to 
make, I shall endeavour to penetrate a little further, 
if possible, into the difficult subject of the original re- 
lationship of the Basques, the Fins, and the Caucasians, 
the three races by whom Europe was probably peopled 
at the time when the Aryans first entered it. It will 
not be necessary to set down Aryan numerals, as they 
are so well known : the others which I shall notice are 
these : — 





I 


II 


in 


IV 


v. 






Finnish. 






Fin 


..yksi 


kaksi 


kohni 


nelja 


wiisi. 


Esthonian . 


. .uts* 


katsf 


holm 


nelli 


wiis. 


Lapponic — 


. . akt 


qwehte 


holm 


nelje 


wit. 


►Syrianic ... 


..otik 


hyh 


kujm 


njolj 


vit. 


Hungarian . 


..egy 


Icettd 

Basqu 


hdrom 
e. 


negy% 


of. 




bat 


u 


liiru 


lau 


bost. 






Caucasian. 






Georgian 


..erthi 


ori§ 


sami 


othkhi 


hliutlti. 


Tuschi 


..zlia 


si 


qho 


dhew 


plichi. 


Circassian . 


..se 


tu 


si 


ptVe 


t'chu. 


Abkhasian . 


..aha 


vi 


khi 


phsi 


elm. 






Turkish. 








blr 


iki 


uc 


diirt 


bes. 



* Genitive, iltte. f Genitive, katte. 

X Compare these Finnish numerals for " Jour" with the Tamil 
n'mgu, nO.lu, "four." 

§ Compare the Chinese <lr, "two." 



zhhra 


athi. 


iss 


itt. 


hgib 


pse. 


s 


sva.f 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 131 

VI VII VIII IX X.* 

Finnish. 

Fin huusi seitsen hahdehsa yhclehsa hymraen. 

Esthonian . huus seitse hattesa iittesa hiimme* 
Lapponici. .hut hietja hahtse ahtse lohlte. 

Syrianic ...hvajt sizim hohjamys ohmys das. 
Hungarian . hat het nyoltz hilentz iiz. 

Basque. 
sei zazpi zortzi bederatzi a/mar. 

Caucasian. 
Georgian . . . ehhvs i svidi rva 

Tuschi yethch wort hart 

Circassian . chi Vie ga 
Abkhasian ,f bis aa 

Turkish. 
dlti yedi seldz dohuz on. 

The first point to which I would draw attention 
here is, the manner in which several of these numerals 
for " eight" and " nine" are formed. It will be at 
once apparent, on comparing the Fin, the Esthonian, 
and the Lapponic expessions for "one" and "two/ 9 
"nine" and "eight," that in each of the three dialects 
the last element of " nine" and " eight" is the same, 
while "one" is the first element of "nine," and "two" 
of "eight." J Thus, in Esthonian, "one" is ut(s), and 



* Observe, as a basis for inquiry, that the decade comprises 
only three characters, "one" "five," and "ten." The Fin leak-, 
the Syrianic kylc, and the Turkish iJci, " two," seem —yk ylc, n. 

f The non-radical Abkhasian suJGx -la is omitted throughout 
(ante, p. 52). 

J Cf. Pott, Zablmethode, p. 129, note. 



Ibl THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

"nine" is uUtesa; "two" is kat{s), and "eight" is 
Jcat-tesa. The only solution of this is, that such numerals 
for "eight" and "nine" are formed on the principle of 
the Roman nx and ix, duodeviginti and undeviginti ; 
and consequently that in the Fin -deksa, the Esthonian 
-tcsa, and the Lapponic -tse, we have three forms of a 
word allied to the Aryan for " ten," which is, besides, 
found explicitly in the Syrianic das, "ten 55 (= Ossetic 
das or dels), and in the Hungarian tiz, "ten." Pre- 
cisely in the same manner the Syrianic kokjamys, 
" eight," and okmys, " nine," are formed, and would 
therefore imply a word rays or amys, " ten," which 
the Syrianic komyn, " thirty,' 5 neljamyn, " forty, 55 and 
vitymyn, " fifty," would indicate to exist also under 
the form myn, amyn, or ymyn. This word seems to 
me the Fin kymmen and the Esthonian kiimme, "ten," 
and may be akin to the Basque amdr, " ten," which 
takes the form ama in ama-ica, " eleven," where led 
would be "one," and = Sanskrit eka, Abkhasian aka, 
Hungarian egy, etc. 

The Hungarian and Basque for "eight 55 and "nine" 
would likewise be compound terms, but of a different 
nature. As we can hardly avoid connecting nyol- in 
the Hungarian nyol-tz, " eight," with the Finnish 
words for "four," such as the Syrianic njolj and the 
Lapponic nelje, it would follow that nyol-tz, " eight," 
must = 4 x 2 (compare quatre-vingt), and consequently 
that ~tz is equivalent to two, zwei, or the Tuschi si, 
"two." In ki-lentz, the Hungarian for "nine," I should 
conjecture that lentz is the same as neltz or nyoltz, and 
that ki-len-tz —1+4x2. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 133 

The next step is to compare the Hungarian and the 
Basque for " eight" and " nine" : — 

Hungarian. Basque. 

" One/' egy, bat, 1. 

"Eight/' nyol-tz, zor-tzi, 4x2. 

" Nine/' la-len-tz, bed-era-tzi, 1+4x2* 

The Hungarian and the Basque seem here to have 
the same formation, but to possess only one element 
in common, which is tz or tzi, " two"; and, as the 
Basque for " two" is hi, which is to be compared with 
the Latin bi(s) and the Abkhasian vi, the Basque 
would apparently contain a complete form for " two" 
very nearly identical with the German zwei, = Sans- 
krit dvi or dva. So we have in Hindustani, du, "two," 
and bet-Teh, " twelve." Again, the Basque forms for 
" eight" and " nine," if they are composed like the 
Hungarian, would contain zor and era, "four." These 
elements, too, may be allied to the Aryan, as " four" 
is in Sanskrit catvdr or catur, in Afghan zalur, in 
Hindustani car, in Armenian cor and char, in German 
vier, and in Swedish fyra. B is the letter which is 
retained in every Aryan form of " four." 

When we pass from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus, 
and consider the Georgian for " eight" and " nine," 
this letter r immediately attracts attention. For, in 
the Georgian language, "eight" is rva, and "nine" is 
zkh-ra, which last form = 1 + 8 ; for zJch- would 
— Tuschi zha, "one," and -ra would = rva, "eight." 

The comparison between the Basque and Caucasian 
numerals for "one," "eight," and "nine," leads to 
these results :— 



134 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



}> 



Circassian ...se 

Lesgi za J-i. 

Tuschi zha 

Georgian r — va "j 

Suanian ar -a > viti. 

Miugrelian ... r — no ) 

Georgian zWi-r — a ^ 

Suanian chh-ar - a > ix. 

Mingrelian ...clxli-or - o ) 

C hat, i. 

Basque < zor-tzi, vin. 

\hed-era-tzi, ix. 

Using the term " Iberian" to include the Georgian, 
Suanian, and Mingrelian dialects, it may be said with 
great probability : — 

i. In Iberian and in Basque, as in Hungarian, 
"eight" = 4 x 2, and "nine" = 1 + 4x2. 

II. Of the three elements, "one," "two," and "four," 
which compose "eight" and "nine," "one" is different 
in Iberian and Basque, while " two''' and " four" are 
the same, and are apparently Aryan as well as Basque 
and Caucasian : for the Caucasian r-, ar-, and or-, 
with the Basque zor- and era-, may all be referred to 
Aryan forms for " four"; and the Caucasian -va, -a, 
-ao, and -o, with the Basque -tzi, may all be brought 
out of such Aryan forms as dva, duo, and zwei. In- 
deed, the Aryan for "two" is explicitly found in 
Caucasian and Basque ; as " two" is tu in Circassian, 
si in Tuschi, vi in Abkhasian, and hi in Basque ; so 
that the Georgian -va, " two," in " eight," is nearly 
Basque, and the Basque -tzi, " two," in " eight," is 
nearly Tuschi. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 135 

in. The Hungarian contains the Aryan for "two," 
under the form -fe in "eight"; and the Hungarian, with 
other Finnish dialects, contains the Aryan for "one" 
and " ten" also. 

All this seems as if there were a certain bond of 
connexion between the three races that preceded the 
Aryans in the West, the Basques, the Fins, and the 
Caucasians ; and likewise as if these three races and 
the Aryans had in very remote ages a common ancestry 
and a common home.* 

There are other signs in Basque of the use of 
numerals which are not explicitly found in that lan- 
guage. Thus "apres demain" is in Basque etzi, which 
may be akin to the Georgian ze-g, " apres demain," 
where -g is perhaps to be compared with the Georgian 
dgJie or the Basque egun, "day." Again, in Georgian, 
mazeg is " en trois jours"; and, in Basque, etzi-damu 
is "en trois jours," and etzi-dazu is "en quatre jours." 
Here the Georgian ma-zeg appears to signify " one 
after-to-morrow," while the Basque etzi-da-mu and 
etzi-da-zu appear to signify " after-to-morrow and 
one," " after-to-morrow and two." If so, then zu, 
" two," is implicitly contained in Basque ; and mu, 
"one," and ma, "one," are implicitly contained in 
Basque and Georgian, and are to be compared with 
the Armenian mi, mov, me-, " one," and the Etruscan 
mach,me- y muv-, "one." Da means "and" in Georgian, 

* The Tamil on-badu, ix, is formed like the Fin yh-deksa, "one 
from ten," out of the Tamil onrru, i, and pattu, x ; as the Tamil 
aindu, v, and pattu, x, coalesce into aim-badu, l. 



136 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

as eta } ta, cnda, da, do in Basque. Etzi-da-mu and 
etzi-da-zu would be formed like the Basque oguei-ta- 
batj "twenty and one/' and oguei-t(a)-amar, "twenty 
and ten, thirty." The Georgian for " thirty" is a 
similar form, ozda athi == ozi-da-athi, " twenty and 
ten." The difference between the Basque o-guei and 
the Georgian o-zi, " twenty," is similar to that be- 
tween the Latin vi-ginti and the Armenian ch-san, 
where the Latin g is changed for a sibilant. Both 
-guei and -zi, as well as o-, might be Aryan. 

The following Aryan numerals seem thus to have 
been detected in Caucasian, Basque, and Finnish : — 

"One" — in Finnish as y\ M-, and egy ; in Basque 
as -icd ; in Caucasian as aha. 

"One" — in Caucasian as ma-; in Basque as -m?/. 

" Two" — in Caucasian as tu, si, vi, -va, -a, -no, and 
-0; in Basque as hi, -tzi, and -zu; in Finnish as -tz. 

" Four" — in Caucasian as ar-, -or-, and r- ; in 
Basque as zor- and -era-. 

" Ten" — in Finnish as tiz, das, -dehsa, -tesa, and 
-tse ; and possibly in Caucasian as -zi (= tsi), and in 
Basque as -guei. 

The analysis of numerals is worth prosecuting farther. 
The most perfect Aryan form for " six" is the Zend 
hhsvas, otherwise written csvas, which would have 
passed into Jchvas before it could give the Armenian 
wez and the Albanian gyas(te). Now Jchvas is like the 
Georgian elchvsi, "six," but gives no explanation of it. 
If, however, we interpret ehh-vsi by the Finnish dia- 
lects, it becomes significant. It would be yh-iviisi, 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 137 






1 + 5, and = Fin k-uusi, Esthonian k-uus, cc six 
which, with the three other Finnish forms for tc six 
may likewise be reduced to 1 + 5, vi. Having got 
thus far, let us again take up the Zend kh-svas, and 
suppose it, as well as the Ossetic ach-saz, " six," to be 
1 + 5. In this case, svas, with the Sanskrit sus and 
the Afghan sbaz, " six," would properly be " five"; 
just as the Armenian wez, " six," having lost the pre- 
fix implying " one," is to be compared with the Fin 
wiisi, the Lapponic wit, the Turkish bes, and the 
Basque host, all signifying "five." In like manner, as 
we have seen (ante, p. 54), the Circassian chi, vi, 
would be the Etruscan hi and the Lesgi chew a, v; the 
Etruscan huth, iv, would be the Georgian khuthi and 
the Lazic kind, v ; and the Abkhasian phsi, iv, would 
be the Tuschi phchi, v. It seems, then, as if there 
were once a primeval word, svas, "five," which was 
common to Aryans and Turanians ; and this word 
would be found in Basque with its original sense, as 
the second element of the Basque zaz-pi, vn, would be 
the Basque hi, n : for zaz-bi would become zazpi, just 
as ez, " non," and ba, " si," coalesce in Basque into 
ezpa, "nisi." It is evident, if zazpi be vn, and pi 
= bi, ii, that zaz must necessarily be v, though this 
would have been forgotten when terms like the Sans- 
krit gas were employed for " six." The adoption of a 
new term, such as pane an, for "five," may have been 
the cause of such inaccuracy. 

Signs of primeval affinity seem so remarkable here 
as to deserve being tabulated : — 



138 THE ASTATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Hebrew echad, I. 

Hungarian egy } i. 

Sanskrit eka, i. 

Abkhasian aka, i. 

Chinese wit, v. 



Lapponic ] -, 

Esthonian 



f wit, y. 

ut, VI. 



f wiis, v. 

( h UUSy VI. 

Georgian ekh vsi, vi. 

Armenian g wez, vi. 

Ossetic ach sdz, vi. 

Basque ■< / 

^ ( zaz pi, vn. 

Hebrew ses, VI. 

Sanskrit sets, vi. 

Zend kh svas, vi. 

Afghan sbaz vi. 

Turkish bes, v. 

Basque host, v. 

Have we any indications of what this supposed 
primeval word for " five" may have been ? There 
cannot be much doubt about the most probable mean- 
ing for such a word. This meaning is " hand": and 
the apparent affinity between such words as the Per- 
sian pang, "five," and pane, " fist," has been noticed 
by several writers. The Basque bost, " five," might 
thus be related to the Slavonic p>jast, " pugnus," and 
to the German faust and the English fist ; all which 
words have nearly the termination of the Zend zasta, 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 139 

Sanskrit hast a, " hand." So too the Turkish bes, 
"five/' which seems akin to the Basque host, "five/' 
resembles the Gaelic has, bos, "the palm of the hand/' 
which is the same word as the Welsh bys and the 
Breton bez, " finger"; terms capable, like the Arme- 
nian hoyth, " thumb/' = Welsh bawd, of explaining 
the Basque bat, " one," and perhaps the Turkish Mr, 
" one." In like manner, we might pass from the 
Tuschi bid, "fist," to the Chinese wu, "five." It may, 
too, be possible that both the Turkish bes and the 
Basque host, "five," are originally allied to the Afghan 
sbaz, "six" (properly "five"), and to the supposed 
primitive svas, "hand." At any rate, a word like 
svas, " hand," seems contained in many languages of 
different families. It may emerge in the Armenian 
tluith, " hand, fist"; in the Tuschi tot, " hand"; in the 
Egyptian toot, "hand"; in the Gaelic dbid, "hand"; 
and again in the Armenian thiz, " a span," thez-ovk, 
" a pygmy." It may be seen (ante, p. 105) how sos 
= thoth in Armenian. Svas may also appear, and in 
a form more like itself, in the Persian saz, " make"; 
in the Armenian sos(aphel), "to handle"; in the 
Phrygian sos(esait), "he makes"; and in the Gaelic 
sets, "lay hold of." A similar word might be discerned 
in the Basque escu, the Suanian si, and the Chinese 
sett, all signifying " hand": and even the Bsthonian 
hclssi and the Lapponic hat, " hand," the Lesgi koda, 
"hand," the Ossetic koch, kuch, " hand," leach, " foot" 
(cf. Armenian fcacA-avel, "to dance," and English 
hick), and the Tuschi k'hak, " hoof," may bear some 



liO THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

signs of an original likeness to svas, which has become 
the Welsh chwech, "six, ef." The Lapponic hat, the 
Lesgi Iwda, and the Ossetic huch, " hand/' would 
help to explain the Georgian hhuthi, "five," like as 
the Georgian phehhi, " foot/' is apparently identical 
with the Tuschi phchi, " five." The Circassian tfchu, 
"five," and pse, "ten/' seem allied to hhuthi and phchi; 
and if so, then the Circassian pse would be "feet," as 
the Abkhasian sva, "ten," might be "hands." Reckon- 
ing by scores originated, most probably, in men once 
counting with their feet as well as their hands. Both 
Caucasians and Basques reckon by scores: thus "forty" 
is " twice twenty," and so on. The apparent identity 
of the Abkhasian sva, " ten," with the Basque zaz-, 
"five," in zazpi, "seven"; and of the Georgian phehhi, 
" foot," with the Tuschi phchi, " five," the Abkhasian 
phsi, "four" (properly "five"), and the Circassians^, 
" ten"; — this shews how " ten" may be the plural of 
" five," and thus be nearly the same word. We may 
consequently compare the Tuschi itt, the Lazic wit, 
the Mingrelian ivithi, and the Georgian athi, all mean- 
ing " ten," with such Finnish words for " five" as the 
Lapponic wit and the Hungarian ot. The Finnish 
words might originally signify "hand" or "foot," and 
the Caucasian words, "hands" or "feet." 

The five Finnish expressions for " six," kuusi, hints, 
hut, Icvajt, and hat, are all alike, and all probably 
= 1 + 5. But, in the expressions for "seven," a 
difference is discernible. The Lapponic hietja and the 
Hungarian het } " seven," may = 6 + 1 ; but the Fin 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 141 

seitsen, the Esthonian seitse, and the Syrianic sizim, 
" seven/' seem differently composed, and bear a like- 
ness to the Georgian and the Basque for " seven": — * 

Fin sei-tse(n). 

Esthonian ...sei-tse. 

Syrianic si-zi (m) . 

Georgian svi-di, 

Mingrelian .. .sqwi-ihi. 

Basque zaz-pi (= zaz-bi, 5 + 2). 

There is no objection to making sei- = si- = svi- 
= zaz-, as se-decim = sex-decem, and so-dagan = sas- 
dacan. Similar instances of elision may perhaps be 
found in the Hebrew sis, se-ba', and se-moneh, " six/' 
"seven/* and " eight.^f 

Svas, "hand/' especially as we have also the Basque 
escu and the Suanian si, " hand/' as well as the Ab- 
khasian sva, "ten," i. e. "fives" or "hands/' will thus 
bring together the Basque zaz- (which is nearly svas), 
and the Georgian svi- (which preserves the v of svas, 
and is like the Abkhasian sva), and the Mingrelian 
sqwi- (which approaches to the Basque escu), and the 
Syrianic si- and the Fin sei- (which resemble the 
Suanian si). In like manner, the Aryan dva, dvi, 
zwei, bi(s), and 8l($), with the Tuschi si and the 
Abkhasian v% "two/' will explain the Basque -pi 
(= hi), and the Mingrelian -thi, and the Georgian -di, 

* It is worth noticing', by the way, that seitse-n and sizi-m have 
terminations like the Aryan sapta-n and sejpte-m. 

f -moneh seems allied to mdneh, "part, number/' and muneh, 
"part, time." i( Parts" imply duality at the least. 



142 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 






and the Syrianic -zi y and the Fin -tse ; which last two 
forms would thus = the Hungarian -tz in nyol-tz, 
4 x 2, and la-len-tz, 1 + 4 x 2, as well as the Basque 
-tzi in the similarly composed numerals, zor-tzi and 
bed-era-tzi* The Abkhasian bi~s, " seven/' may con- 
tain the elements, hi, "two/' and s } "five/' = Suanian 
si, "hand." In the Georgian, Abkhasian, and Basque, 
and in the three Finnish dialects, the Syrianic, the 
Esthonian, and the Fin Proper, there would conse- 
quently appear to be a similar combination of the 
same two elements in the number vii; and these 
elements would belong to the ancestors of the Aryans, 
as well as to the ancestors of the Fins, the Caucasians, 
and the Basques. These last three families or nations 
would, moreover, when they formed their " seven/' 
have used svas rightly, as " five," not as " six." This 
cannot be said of the Aryans : for if the Sanskrit 
sa-pta(n) is connected with sas (which may possibly 
be the case, though the Zend Misvas and haptan seem 

* The explanation of the Finnish sei-tse, "seven," as 6 -t- 1, 
from such forms as the Basque sei, " six," and the Circassian se, 
"one," might be possible, but would hardly be probable. In 
another Finnish dialect, the Ostiak, ki is n (== Syrianic kyk), 
vet is v (= Syrianic vit), and ta~vet is vn, i. e. ta + v. There- 
fore ta is ii, as well as ki, which is used subtractively, as in kyt, 
in, i. e. ki, ii, from vet, v. Ta~vet, vn, is thus formed out of 
the same elements as the other Finnish, the Caucasian, and the 
Basque terms for vn (p. 141) ; elements that are Aryan as well as 
Turanian. The Ostiak kyda, vi, seems = kyt-da (= ta), 3x2; 
as nida, vni, would be net-da, 4x2, like the Hungarian nyoltz, 
the Basque zortzi, and the Georgian rva. The Ostiak net, iv, 
seems = "one from five (vet)," as the Tamil nungu, iv, seems 
= " one from five (aindu)." 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 143 

against such a supposition)^ yet we could not well get 
"two" out of -pta* If "two" is found at all in coali- 
tion with sets, it would rather be in as~ta(n) or as-tau, 
" eight." As is " six" in Lazic^ and sa is " six" in 
(Pelasgic) Etruscan. As in the Georgian and Basque 
pronouns, so too in the formation of the Georgian and 
Basque for " seven/' an affinity to the language which 
was becoming Aryan would appear, though the three 
forms of speech became afterwards very distinct. + 
It may have been observed that Finnish dialects 



# Compare the Circassian pt-Ve, "four," which seems — " one 
from five," iv. The Aryan numerals for "three," "four," "seven," 
and " eight," are not easily explained. " Four" is perhaps the 
most difficult. 

t Dr. Latham, in his Varieties of Man (p. 127), gives the word 
khut, "hand," as used in the Manipur and Khoibu languages in 
Upper Birmah; and he compares it with the Lesgi koda, " hand." 
It is still nearer to the Georgian khuthi and the Lazic khut, "five." 
and to the Pelasgic Etruscan huth, " four." Svas, " hand, five," 
does not appear to be confined to the Old World, for I find in the 
same work the following Natchez words :— 
i-spesh-e, "hand." 
shped-ee, " five " 
Spesh and shped may = svas, as Armenian spit-zk = Sanskrit 
(jvet-a, = English whit-e = German weiss ; analogies which shew 
how the Natchez shpedee, the Lapponic wit, and the Fin wiisi, all 
meaning " five," may be originally the same word. Compare also 
ispeshe, "hand," with the Sanskrit spac, "facere," and the Gaelic 
spdg, "paw." Again, "hand" is shag-Sii in Omahaw, and shak-e in 
Mohawk ; and " foot" is see and seeh-ah in Sioux, and a-sftoo in 
Pawnee. Su is "foot" in Chinese. At Norton Sound, near Behring's 
Straits, "hand" is Sii-shet, "nails" are shet-ooe, and "four" is shet- 
amik. We may have here, and in the words cited in the text (ante, 
p. 139), different forms of one of the primitive words of the human 
race, and a sign of its original unity. 



1 I I THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



ten 
4chl, 



employ in compositioi] a different word for ' 
than their own (p. 132). So does the Etruscan in 
"-genti/' = Ick-lch, 10 x 10. . So does the Lithua- 
nian in -UJca, "-teen," = Polish lih, "number.** And 
so, too, does the English in e-leven and twe-lve, the 
Gothic ainlifsmd twalif. Grimm agrees with Bopp in 
regarding -lif (and -lika) as forms of a primeval word 
for "ten/ 1 einer uralten zehnzahl. This word seems to 
be found, and in our English form -lev en too, in the 
Malay sa-lapan, "nine/* and du-lapan, "eight**; words 
which contain the Malay sa, " one** (cf. Circassian se, 
Lesgi za, Tuschi zlia, "one"), and duiva, " two" (a 
perfect Aryan form like the Afghan ditva), and are 
evidently constructed just like the Fin yli-dehsa, "nine,** 
and kali-dehsa, " eight," ix and nx. As the Malay is 
thus connected in some points with more western and 
northern languages, it is possible that it may be so in 
other points, and thus be allowably employed in the 
explanation of such languages. Now the Malay for 
"five** is lima. Prefix to this the hah, " two,** of the 
Fin hah-dehsa, " eight," = 2 from 10, and we should 
obtain hali-lima, 2 from 5, "three,** which might be 
contracted into the Fin kolmi and the Lapponic holm, 
" three,** nearly as two-leve becomes twelve in English. 
The Finnish words for " four," such as the Esthonian 
n-elli, may mean " 1 from 5," jv, and be allied to the 
Turkish aUi, "six," elli, "fifty,** and el, "hand.** If 
the Etruscan za-l and the Georgian sa-mi, " three,** 
are allied to the Fin ho-lmi, and thus imply sa-lmi as 
a more perfect form, then za and sa would be " two/* 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 145 

like the Tuschi si and the German zwei. Compare 
also the Javanese id-la, "three." At any rate, since 
there are several ways, as will be more completely 
shewn directly, of making -I = "five," the Etruscan 
za- in za-l would most likely be " two," and thus 
= Georgian sa-; for it seems that the Georgian sa-mi 
= Mingrelian su-mi == Lazic gu-m = Syrianic hu-jm 
= Lapponic Ito-lm, " three," i. e. " two from five." 
And thus the composition and the first elements of 
the Etruscan za-l and the Georgian sa-mi, "three," 
would apparently be the same, whatever may be thought 
of their second elements. If t be "five" in the 
Tuschi wor-t, "seven," and ba-r-i, "eight," then wor- 
and -r- would be "two," == Georgian ori, = Chinese 
ar ; while ba- would be " one," and probably allied to 
the Basque bat, "one," and possibly to the Hebrew 
-bo* in se-ba 9 , "seven." As the Tuschi ba-rt, "eight," 
seems = 1 + wort, " seven," so the Circassian b-gu, 
" nine," may = 1 + ga, " eight," as the Georgian 
zlch-ra, "nine," = I + rva, "eight." It is difficult to 
guess what the Circassian gu or ga, "eight," may 
have been originally; but, if we were to combine it 
with the Georgian rva and ra, " eight,'''' we might get 
g-r, "four," and ua or va, "two." The Circassian 
would, however, in such a case, want the characteristic 
letter r of the Aryan " four"; and the Abkhasian a-a, 
" eight," if = 4 x 2, would have suffered still more 
than the Circassian g-a. 

It may be as well to tabulate for the second, or I 
" five," as I have done for the first (ante, p. 138) : — 

L 



146 



THE .ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



Welsh 



Breton 

Cornish . 
Armenian 

Turkish . 

Malay .... 



Basque , 

Tuschi . . . 
Georgian . 
Chinese 
Pin 

Syrianic 
Lazic . . . 



j bys, "finger. 1 

| Haw, " hand/' 



bez, "finger." 

lau, " hand." 

boyth, "thumb." 

el, " hand." 

lima, "hand." 
lima, v. 



{ 

( hat, 



Mingrelian 

Georgian 

Etruscan 

Javanese 

Circassian pt— 

Esthonian ne— 

Syrianic njo - 

Basque 

Circassian 

$ 



Tuschi , 



( bar 



i. 
ii. 



ir. 

ii. 

ii. 

Imi, ii v (ho- 



hi, 
si, 

ori, 
dr, 
ho- 
hu — jm, nv. 

ffU 7)1, II V. 

su — mi, 

sa — mi, 

za — I, 

tct — In, 

Ve, 

Ill, 

V, 

lau, 
V le, 



f two"). 



nv. 

IIV. 
IIV. 
IIV. 
IV. 

iv (ne 

IV. 

iv (" one" lost) 

VII. 






"one").* 



vx>r- 






VII. 
VIII. 



The Abkhasian bi-s and the Circassian U-le, "seven/ 



* See also note {ante, p. 142), and compare Tamil ndlu, iv (ante, 
p. 130, note). Nye is (< one" in Albanian. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 147 

appear similar forms, with the same "two/* and a 
different " five/* Bi-s = 2 + 5, as the Basque zaz-pi 
and the Georgian svi-di = 5 + 2. The Malay lima, 
"five/* is evidently the lima, "hand, arm/* of the 
islets between Timor and Papua.* Like the former 
word for " five, hand/* this second word seems to stretch 
across Europe and Asia. For, as the Basque escu- 
would be the Suanian si and the Chinese seil, all 
meaning " hand" (as the English shew and shy are the 
German scheu), so the Malay lima, "hand/' "five," 
and -lapan, "ten/* are to be compared with the 
following words cited by Diefenbach (Lex. Comp. s. v. 
lofa) : Gothic lofa, " the open hand/* = Scotch loof ; 
Gaelic lamh, Welsh llaiv, " hand**; Cornish lof, lau, 
"hand**; Gaelic lapadh, "paw"; Polish tapa, "paw**; 
Lapponic lapa, "the sole of the foot." The same 
root would also be found in the Welsh Ham, " stride, 
step/* and in the German lauf and the English leap ; 
as well as, probably, in the Tuschi lap, " step, stair, 
treppe" and lam, " mountain.** By a similar associa- 
tion of ideas, we may connect together the Tuschi it, 
" run/* and itt, " ten**; and might detect svas in the 
Hebrew sus, sus, "rejoice, leap" (cf. Polish sus, "hiipfen"), 
sus, "horse/* and sets, "moth/* = gtjs. Svas might 
also supply the thema for the Armenian sos- or thoth-, 
sovth- and hack-, as well as for sos- (p. 105). Of the 
three characters which compose the decade, i, y, x, 



* Crawfurd's Malay Grammar and Dictionary, vol. i, p. xcviii. 
Cf. Pott, Zahlmethode, p. 121. 



MS 



THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 



the most likely moaning for [ is " finger"; for v, 
"hand"; and for x, "hands" or "fingers" collectively. 
The English ten, -teen, as the German zehn and zehen 
intimate, is " toes/' i. e. " fingers";* and -leven would 
probably be " hands." The resemblance which the 
Circassian se, Lesgi za, Tuschi zha, " one/ 5 bear to 
the German zehe, zeig-, and zeich-, or to the Basque 
atz, "finger/' should perhaps not be passe#Jtonoticed. 
The Polynesian dialects are connected wifinxhe Malay 
family. The following numerals are used in Hawaii 
and Tahiti f : — 





i 


ii 


in \ 


IV 


v. 


Hawaii. 


..ale alii 


arua 


alcoru 


altaa 


arima. 


Tahiti . 


..atahi 


arua 


atom 


amaha 


arima. 




VI 


VII 


VIII 


IX 


X. 


Hawaii . 


..aono 


ah it a 


avcmi 


aiva 


urn!. 


Tahiti . 


.aono 


aliitu 


avaru 


aiva 


almru. 



Rima means "hand, arm/' in Hawaii, just as lima 
does in Malay; and thus explains the Polynesian arima, 
" five," as the Malay lima, "hand, arm," does the 
Malay lima, "five." The Polynesian initial a seems 
superfluous. There is a similar conversion of I into r 
in the Finnish dialects, where the Esthonian and Lap-' 
ponic Iwlm, "three," becomes the Hungarian ftdrom, 
" three," which may enable us to pass to the Basque 



* " Noch unleugbarer stehn BaKTvkos, digitus und zeha (digitus 
pedis) mit Se/ca, decern, SelKvvfjn und zeigen in zusainmenhang." — 
Grimm, Geschichte der Deutschen Sproxhe, p. 244. 

f These islands are separated by 2500 miles of sea. 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 149 

liiriij cc three. " Compare,, too, the Hindustani so-leh, 
"sixteen/ 5 and set-re/^ " seventeen."* The Polynesian 
words for " three" are plainly cc 1 to 2," and not " 2 
from 5" like the Finnish. The Hawaiian umi, ""ten/ 5 
resembles the Fin hymmen and the Esthonian Jciimme, 
" ten/' as well as the Basque amdr or ama, " ten" 
The Polynesian araa, "two/' is rather like the Georgian 
ori and the Chinese ar, " two"; and the Polynesian 
tiva-ru, " eighty" might possibly be compared with 
the Georgian r-va, " eight/' supposing the two elements 
reversed, as well as with the kindred Suanian and 
Mingrelian terms for " eight/' ara and tug. The 
Lazic ovrOy "eight," is still nearer to avaru. Such re- 
semblances should be mentioned, though I hold to the 
former explanation of rva 3 ara, and ruo {ante, p. 134). 
Avaru seems =4x2, and is thus apparently com- 
posed like the Hungarian and Basque for " eight/' 
though with different elements. t 

# L is always represented hj r in Zend. The city of Lima in 
Peru is so called from the river Rimac. 

f The Malay laid, " man, husband/' may be compared with the 
following words : — Circassian lay, " flesh' '; lay, t'hlay, " blood"; 
tlay, "husband"; — Ossetic lag, "man"; lappu, latu, "lad"; — Lesgi 
les, "man"; less, "husband"; tVyadi, "wife"; — Lycian lade, "wife"; 
— Abkhasian Ikhadza, " husband"; — Esthonian laps, lats, " child." 
The Caucasian Leges and Lazi of antiquity were probably the 
" men." Olalce means " man" in the Arawak dialect of Guiana, 
which supplies an example of "numeration of the rudest kind," 
where Jcabo is like the Tamil kai, " hand." See also p. 139. 

Aba da kabo = "once my hand," = five. 

Biama da kabo = " twice my hand," = ten. 

Aba, olake — "one man," = tvjenty. 

(Latfeam, Ethnology of the British Colonies, p. 260). 



150 THE ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF 

Witli regard to the symbols, I, v, x, " tlie digit," 
" tlie hand," and " the hands" or " the fingers/ 5 I 
would represent accurately enough the extended finger, 
and v the angular space between the thumb and the 
forefinger when the hand is held up. This angular 
space is called in Armenian chil, which is like the 
Georgian hlieli or qheli, "hand"; both which terms 
might contain the Etruscan or Pelasgian hi, "five," 
with the addition in one case of the Etruscan and 
Armenian termination -il, and in the other of the 
Georgian termination -eli. x would be the figure 
formed by placing the two hands across one another. 
The Chinese character for " ten" is a cross, which is 
called si, as "hand" is called seu in Chinese, and si in 
Suanian, and as " ten" is sva in Abkhasian. 

The results of the previous analysis of numerals are 
to be taken in conjunction with what seems to follow 
from the numbers on the Etruscan dice, namely, that 
the Pelasgic Etruscan numerals were Caucasian. See 
especially the tabular view (ante, p. 54). The infer- 
ences which I should be inclined to draw from the 
numerals, as well as from conjugations and pronouns, 
have been already explained in my first chapter, 
where I have brought together several other coinci- 
dences of different kinds, which appear by their com- 
bined force to conduct us to a similar conclusion. And 
this conclusion would be : — that before the Aryans 
began to spread from their original home, they dwelt 
there with Fins and Caucasians on their west ; the 



THE OLD ITALIANS. 151 

Caucasians tending towards the south, and the Fins 
towards the north : and that as the Fins scattered 
themselves, speaking in a general manner, over the 
northern half of Europe, the Caucasians did the same 
over the southern half, but probably at an earlier 
period ; for the Caucasians, especially if it were allow- 
able to include the Basques among them, cannot be 
said to have developed a common numeral system 
before dispersion, while the Fins would have done so, 
though not quite as perfectly as the Aryans. Both of 
the Turanian races would have been continually im- 
pelled farther westward, as the Dravidas would have 
been southward, by the expansion of the Aryans, who 
ultimately broke through the Western Turanians by 
two different routes, one on each side of the Buxine, 
and gradually encroached upon them till they were 
left as they now are, in the Caucasus, and the Pyrenees, 
and the North of Sweden and Russia, though their an- 
cient presence in the heart of Europe is still indicated 
by two or three words used in the Alps. When Livy 
attributed Etruscan affinities to the Alpine population 
in general, but especially to the Ehsetians, he probably 
spoke with more accuracy than has been generally 
thought, or even perhaps than he himself was aware 
of. For all, or nearly all, the original inhabitants of 
the Alps (as well as of the pile-dwellings on the 
Swiss lakes) may have been Tuscan,\.e. Caucasian, while 
the Aryan Rasence penetrated no farther to the west 
than Khgetia, and a subsequent Celtic inroad made the 
Aryan population of Noricum quite as much Celtic as 



152 ASIATIC AFFINITIES OF OLD ITALIANS. 

Thracian. In Armenia and the Caucasus, Asia may 
thus claim both elements of the Etruscan people as her 
own, whether they were of Tyrrhenian or of Pelasgian 
origin. Such, at least, is the hypothesis which seems 
to explain all the evidence that I have brought forward, 
and to solve at the same time four ethnological pro- 
blems. In ancient ethnology, we are led to ask, who 
were the Etruscans, and who were the Pelasgians ? 
and, in modern ethnologj^ w T hat has become of the 
two races of which the Armenians and the Caucasians 
are the surviving representatives ? Each pair of ques- 
tions supplies the answer to the other pair. 



INDEX OF ETRUSCAN WORDS. 



AcJirum, " Hades, Acheron/' 87. 

Alpan, " supplex," 78, 91. 

Am, " sura," 100 : or see s. v. mar. 

(Ap)avenke } " Aeponit, relinquit," 38. 

Ami, " setas," 27, 28, 30. 

Avils, " setatis," 27, 33, 37. 

Chiem, " quinque," 49. 

Chimths, " quindecim" (?), 49. 

Chiseliks, " monumeiijmm, ^W^ara," 79, 92. 

Eka, « hie, ecce," 6lM? y 90. 

Epana, " epuluin/'TuB. 

Erai, " hilaritatis," or "hilaris," 103. 

Erske, "sese offert," 87,* 

Etera, " alter/' 59. JT 

Ethe, " si, quando,"U02. 

Fleres, "oblatio, dojfcim," 79, 80, 86. 

Flezrl (qu. flerzl), " fblatum, datura/' 86. 

Fuius, " vl6s," 60. 

Helephu, " effundit," or " effunditur," 105. 

Huth, " quatuor," 51, 54. 

Kana, " siraulacrura," or "statua," 83. 

Karutezan, " quatuordecira" (?), 49. 

Kealchls, " quingentos," or " quingentesimi" (gen.), 41, 43. 

Kecha, "expiat," or " solvit," 78, 80, 90. 

Ken, « ut," 79. 

Kepen, "tumulum," 36 (note). 

Kerinu, " sculpit," 90. 

Kethu, " aquse" (gen.), or " aquam/' 97, 107. 

Ki, " quinque," 51, 54. 

Kiemzathrms, t( quinquagesimi tertii," 39. 

Kis, " P€Kp6s," — or else " menses," or " raensis" (gen.), 47. i- 

Kisum, " vatpov," 47. 

M 



1 5 1 INDEX OF ETRUSCAN WORDS. 

S >.', u vtKpoTs" or " veicpSs," or " moritur," 47. 
Klalum, " raoeroreni, funera," 37 (note). 
Klan, " soboles," or ' ' princeps," 59. 

K l l2si}''V inS > rite '" 78 ' 79 > S0 > 89 ' 90 * 

Kver, " soror," 88. 

Leine, " vivit, fit/' 27, 28, 29. 

Lenache, " facessit, fieri facit," 91, 92. 

Line, " vivebat, vixit," 29, 69. 

Lisiai, "linguae" (dat.), 100. 

Lthas, " Aitt)s" 78, 80, 91. 

Lupum, " cadaver, corpus," 37. 

Lusni, " luminis," 94. 

Ma, " sed," 99. 

Mach, "unus, 51. 

Machs, "mensis" (gen.), or "menses," 41, 44. 

Mar, " vas, fass," 100 : or else — . 

Mar am, " contineo, ich fasse," 107. 

Mathu, " vini" (gen.), or " vinum," 99, 107. 

MuvtuL }" centum/' or "centesimi" (gen.), 41,42,43. 

Mi, " ego, me," 60, 80, 97, 99, 103. 

Nak, " ad, nach," 87. 

Nastav, " hospes," or " hospite," 104, 108. 

Nesl, "mortuus," 61. 

Nethu, "liquoris," or "liquoretn," 103, 104, 107. 

Ni, " non," 97. 

Puia, " filia, evyaTrjp," 60. 

Puiak, "figliuola, Qvyarpiov, tochterlein," 60. 

Puiam, " filiam," 60. 

Puil, " tckpou" 60. 

Rasne, " ulna," 49. 

Pal, " annus," 27, 28, 30. 

Sa, "sex," 51. 

Sak ) 

Sech [ "proles," 60. 

Sek ) 

Salthn, " fusio, fusum, Tdpeupa, opus," 94. 

Sansl, " libens," 79, 88. 

Sas, " sex," 38. 

Semphalchls, "septingentos," or " septingesimi" (gen.), 41, 43. 

Sie, " sit," 103. 






INDEX OF ETRUSCAN WORDS. 155 

Suthi, "conditur," 61. 

Suthilc I " se P u l crum > tumulus/' 69, 90. 

Suthina, " dvcria" 83, 84. 

Teke, "facit," or « ponit," 79, 91. 

T6n^}" tenet ' tendit > fert * offert," 79, 90. 
Tesne, " decern/' 49. 
Tesnsteis, " centum/' 49. 
Thapna, " koiWt??, lampas," 94. 
Thipurenai, "calidse, sitienti," 101. 
Thu, "duo/' 51. 

Thi} e<,r{,iros > si g Mm >" ™> 80, 91. 
T/mi, " memoratur," 69. 
Thunesi, " diei/' 42, 45. 
Tinskvil, " Jovi(s) donum/' 93. 
Tiers or £wrs, "triginta," 38, 39. 

TZe^asie? S }" debitum P retium > meritum," 78, 86. 
Tular, " sepulcrum," 68. 
T:«L}" dat '"80,87. 

Tuthines, " gratise, x^P lT0S >" 78, 79, 83, 84. 

Fta, "filia/' 60. 

£aZ, " tres," 51, 55. 

Zelc, " statua/' 88 : or perhaps zeke, " affert." 

lESej "frfcator, sepelitur/' 34 36, 47. 



THE END. 



T. RTCHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET. 



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